Nz Fitness Industry Free Essays

Inside New Zealand a developing number of individuals are utilizing the wellness business as a helpful methods for improving and keeping up their prosperity. As of late a market blast has occurred with an ever increasing number of exercise centers being worked all through the nation, and with them new business openings emerging. One of the most prestige rec centers in New Zealand, Les Mills is a case of one of these cutting edge business establishments. We will compose a custom paper test on Nz Fitness Industry or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now In the a long time since Phillip Mills family began running their first Les Mills rec center in New Zealand, the rec center has since gone global with more than 14,000 exercise centers currently spread all through 75 nations worldwide and an expected total assets of (†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ) (reference). It is evaluated that in New Zealand alone the rec center industry produced over (†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ) in 2008 (reference). Alongside the expansion in rec centers being built up a huge extent of the wellness business is presently concentrating on nourishment as an extra market for creating benefit. This report serves to break down and decipher both individual markets alongside significant figures, and will plot the potential future business possibilities for speculation or making another establishment in the two markets. New Zealand has an enormous wellness industry as exercise has become a significant piece of regular day to day existence. Today’s exercise center goers are selecting low ornamentations administrators exchanging endlessly very good quality administrations for comfort, cost and adaptable agreements. With over 10% of New Zealand’s populace presently observing an activity proficient consistently, there is an aggregate of 400,000 individuals on normal seeing 1500 exercise experts all the time. (refered to) Some of the top rec centers in New Zealand are Les Mills, Next age and Jetts. Les Mills has an upper hand of having some good times while practice by means of the wellness classes that are appropriate for all ages and sizes, for example, Body Combat. Les Mills is a huge firm that has exclusive organizations home office in Auckland just which are esteemed at $130 million. Les Mills accepts that by 2020 they will open a further of 10 exercise centers in Auckland (refered to Mills). The wellbeing and wellness advertise has been depicted as flatly premium as there is little deffirentiation between administration contributions, demonstrating that there is open door for upper hand to be accomplished through quality. So as to open another establishment adequate subsidizes must be accessible. Rivalry exist with a recently opened Les Mills Britomart, which was set up with an absolute expense of $10 million dollars. Edges are thin for littler rec centers, so would should be an enormous player to be effective. Step by step instructions to refer to Nz Fitness Industry, Papers Nz Fitness Industry Free Essays Inside New Zealand a developing number of individuals are utilizing the wellness business as a helpful methods for improving and keeping up their prosperity. Lately a market blast has occurred with an ever increasing number of exercise centers being worked all through the nation, and with them new business openings emerging. One of the most prestige exercise centers in New Zealand, Les Mills is a case of one of these cutting edge business establishments. We will compose a custom paper test on Nz Fitness Industry or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now In the a long time since Phillip Mills family began running their first Les Mills rec center in New Zealand, the rec center has since gone global with more than 14,000 exercise centers presently spread all through 75 nations worldwide and an expected total assets of (†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ) (reference). It is evaluated that in New Zealand alone the exercise center industry produced over (†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ) in 2008 (reference). Alongside the expansion in exercise centers being built up a huge extent of the wellness business is currently concentrating on sustenance as an extra market for creating benefit. This report serves to break down and decipher both individual markets alongside applicable figures, and will diagram the potential future business possibilities for speculation or making another establishment in the two markets. New Zealand has a huge wellness industry as exercise has become a significant piece of regular daily existence. Today’s rec center goers are choosing low laces administrators exchanging endlessly top of the line benefits for comfort, cost and adaptable agreements. With over 10% of New Zealand’s populace currently observing an activity proficient consistently, there is a sum of 400,000 individuals on normal seeing 1500 exercise experts all the time. (refered to) Some of the top exercise centers in New Zealand are Les Mills, Next age and Jetts. Les Mills has an upper hand of having a fabulous time while practice by means of the wellness classes that are appropriate for all ages and sizes, for example, Body Combat. Les Mills is an enormous firm that has exclusive organizations central station in Auckland just which are esteemed at $130 million. Les Mills accepts that by 2020 they will open a further of 10 exercise centers in Auckland (refered to Mills). The wellbeing and wellness showcase has been portrayed as insipidly premium as there is little deffirentiation between administration contributions, demonstrating that there is open door for upper hand to be accomplished through quality. So as to open another establishment adequate finances must be accessible. Rivalry exist with a recently opened Les Mills Britomart, which was set up with an all out expense of $10 million dollars. Edges are exceptionally thin for littler rec centers, so would should be a huge player to be fruitful. Step by step instructions to refer to Nz Fitness Industry, Essay models

Business Research Method Research Proposal-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Business Research Method Research Proposal? Answer: Presentation Worldwide supervisory crews of an organization are the segment that works in taking care of the issues that are looked in the worldwide market. Their obligation is to deal with the companie assets in the worldwide level. There are a few Organizations like the Multinational Enterprises that are huge worldwide associations that is fused in one nation yet work in worldwide level. A MNE can be recognized from a portion of its significant qualities. These kinds of organizations are enormous in size and they work in worldwide level, however their exercises are principally controlled halfway by their parent organizations. This paper will concentrate on the difficulties that are looked by the supervisory groups in worldwide degrees of their administration. At the end of the day, the paper will talk about difficulties of worldwide administration of the organizations working in the worldwide market. Writing survey is featured in the paper, preceding which, scope and the goal of the task is add itionally introduced. Task Scope The task will be conveyed forward keeping its focal spotlight on the difficulties that are looked by the supervisory groups of the organizations in worldwide setting. Undertaking Objective To recognize the difficulties that is looked by the worldwide supervisory crew far and wide. To getting ready new worldwide administration systems taking out the issues and to guarantee the development of the organization in the globalization showcase. To deal with the redistributing of advancement. Writing Review Difficulties in HR the board The human asset supervisory crew of various universal organizations is at present confronting difficulties because of the adjustments in the economy, residential decent variety, globalization and innovation. Every one of these progressions have set new requests before the business and impelled the field some altogether new way. This is a significant test for the business as they need to acquire assortment of changes the association. With more noteworthy difficulties came new open doors for the HR and the association (Stone and Deadrick 2015). Difficulties in auxiliary level The intricacy in the cooperation because of globalization expanded the difficulties for the Multinational Enterprises in overseeing them. The MNEs need to oversee two degrees of different embeddedness, one at MNE level and another at auxiliary level. So as to misuse likenesses and contrasts of their host areas adequately, they need to set their system as per that. On the auxiliary level, they need to adjust the inward and the outside embeddedness of the organization. In this manner it makes the two difficulties and open doors for the organization, where the test lies in operational part and the open door then again is good to go development (Meyer, Mudambi and Narula 2011). The arrangement of abilities and the contracts are required so as to get changes auxiliary level. An administrative coordination is basic for the reason which are association based, contract and experience coordination. Ramifications of these systems can bring about arrangement of the sanctions. It can likewise acquaint us with the new experiences into the misalignments which can turn into a helpful hotspot for recognizing the HQ orders and auxiliary activities. (Friesl and Silberzahn 2017). With the developing globalization of the business in todays advertise acquire intricacy Multinational Enterprises and features the difficulties of overseeing home office auxiliary connections. Hoenen and Kostova featured different auxiliary relationship issues in a wide scope of MNEs and inferred that execution of the organization hypothesis; explicitly ongoing movement can propel the comprehension of the issue and give direction to settling it. Static multilateral, static reciprocal, dynamic and social and logical floods of office hypothesis can is proposed by the creators (Hoenen and Kostova 2015). Provincial administration places are frequently supplanted by the local central station or the board commands in the field of worldwide ventures. It is to work the auxiliaries. In the article, Multinational undertaking provincial administration places; Characteristics and exhibitions the writers have distinguished a few contrasts in the attributes and the presentation hole among RMMs and RHQs. Longitudinal example of 855 Japanese RMCs in 41 nations has been utilized in the article for this. The creators proposed a basic supplement to provincial methodology expansions of the coordination responsiveness system and gave a significant enormous example standard. It results new hypothetical and experimental investigation into MNE local administration technique and structure (Chakravarty et al. 2017). Parrot (2013) featured the difficulties of mainstreaming microfinance and the job of socially dependable speculation. It likewise incorporated delineations of the miniaturized scale credits produced by the pilot and pointed the potential deals that will create the advancement of lodging microfinance and the quantity of individuals will get affected. Difficulties in multifaceted administration Lou in is article Toward an opposite adjustment see in culturally diverse administration in 2016 recognizes the need of keep up the freedom of both worldwide and nearby level administration. He further expressed that, these worldwide MNEs regularly approach their nearby ability needs in a useless and awkward manner. On opposite, the MNEs can likewise make upper hand by adopting a worldwide strategy to its gifts. This change and development of neighborhood into worldwide ability requires try from a wide scope of corporate, individual and auxiliary level in social, basic, proficient, authoritative and casual perspectives. As a worldwide association, the MNEs need to work in a worldwide level, in this way, manage individuals of different topographies, yet in addition from different societies. This is a significant issue that each MNEs chief needs to confront. Also, there are different issues are connected with the geological and social wonders, which are, etymological, spatial, political, monetary and cultural issues which should be managed a solitary HR plan. It places the supervisor in a predicament to set up a methodology for all these (Allen, Lee and Reiche 2015). Difficulties in CRS CSR or Corporate Social duty is an ongoing pattern which picked up significance in 1960 and is firmly identified with the MNE business. It is the obligations to the general public and a huge segment of the partners past the investors of the association. So as to deal with the social commitments, distinctive MNEs have set up devoted authoritative units to investigate the assortment of alternatives for their corporate commitment. MNEs must have wide administration technique so as to deal with the CSR issues. The sole explanation behind this is the MNEs need to work in a worldwide market in a wide topographical domain. Subsequently, they need to manage something other than one society. Different social commitments should be thought of while framing the CSR approach of the organization (Wang et al. 2016). Lopez and Fornes (2015) in their paper Corporate social duty in developing markets: contextual investigations of Spanish MNCs in Latin America talked about the CSR approaches of MNCs in developing markets from created nations. They bolstered their idea with eight contextual investigations which they gathered through top to bottom meeting of the ranking directors. Their discoveries demonstrated that the MNCs under examination confronted comparative sorts of difficulties in shaping CSR strategies for their separate organizations. Decent variety of culture and ethnicity of the working nations had danger for the organization to frame a legitimate CSR strategy which can be settled with the assistance of instrumental hypothesis. The hypothesis is guided by the key device to accomplish monetary goal, positive connection between the money related execution and them and utilize these to fortify their notoriety (Lopez and Fornes 2015). Difficulties in legitimate grounds As indicated by Gashu (2016), the organizations ought to work by the standards of the nation of origin just as the host nation and the universal laws. Which implies, that the organization should make an adaptable strategy for the legitimate condition to deal with all the social orders under activity. They ought to likewise think about get ready separate adaptable and versatile law and other legitimate guideline for every general public. The information on the operational nations is fundamental for the administration of the organization to make these guidelines which can be a test. These laws and guidelines can likewise expand the hazard factors for the nation as the financial specialists will pull back their branches from the individual nations if the laws don't fit gainful for the organization. It impacts the organization in an indistinguishable way as they may lose a solid market for their organization. Provokes identified with innovation MNE likewise faces difficulties in the innovative grounds which is a significant wellspring of financial bit of leeway for both the organization and the host nation. For that, the organization needs to have better innovative abilities in examination than the local organizations of the host nation as it leaves an open door for the organization to develop. It will likewise bring about increment in efficiency (Narula and Driffield 20125). Difficulties in the ground of ability chase Another fundamental factor that assumes an essential job in the achievement is the ability and here falsehoods the test. MNCs frequently go over rivalry for ability worldwide by expanding their endeavors in worldwide ability the executives. MNCs regularly fuse data and correspondence innovation to expand the productivity of the key arrangement of Global ability the executives. Organizations face obstacle in this part, where they need to appropriately adjust these two for the achievement of the organization (Rul and Lake 2014). Difficulties in correspondence hole Klitmller, Schneider and Jonsen (2015) in their paper took a shot at connection between media decision, language distinction and social categorizati

Finals Week, Minus Finals

Finals Week, Minus Finals Its finals week. However, theres a lot going on besides final exams. This blog will be updated over the course of the week the things that are going on! Not everything is all that interesting (in fact, most of it is boring) but it is an accurate representation of my life at the end of the semester. [Sunday 5/19] The morning/early afternoon were very rainy, so I stayed inside. Then sun came out so my friend Gabi N. 22 and I took a study break and went for a walk! nice weather, viewed from the Harvard Bridge A few dorms (especially the cook-for-yourself ones) purchase their residents breakfast and dinner during Finals Week. So instead of doing my usual Sunday-night-meal-prep, I had some Popeyes chicken and biscuits. It was good. I realized I have a lot of groceries to finish before Saturday (the day I move out of MacGregor). At this point, that includes some eggs, yogurt, apples, frozen edamame, and frozen dumplings.I finished grading some problem sets for 6.0002 (Introduction to Computational Thinking and Data Science), a class for which I am a Lab Assistant01 For more information on this, see the third section of this post: https://mitadmissions.org/blogs/entry/teaching-at-mit/ . [Monday 5/20] Started this blog post!I ate lunch at Chipotle in Kendall Square with my friend Moctar F. 22. It was the first time I has been to this particular Chipotle â€" I normally get meals from on-campus options, my own food, or cafes on Mass Ave.I finalized my summer storage plans. I got a storage locker just outside Cambridge that Im sharing with a friend. Protip: storage facilities in Boston/Cambridge get lots of business over the summer (this area is saturated with college students) so you should start your search for storage space as soon as you know youll need it! The main things Im going to need to store are my whiteboard, desk chair, winter clothes, and a piano keyboard02 I got this for free at a party one time. As someone who has played piano for many years, it was a super nice addition to my suite lounge. A lot of my friends also had a good time learning or practicing on it. .I got ice cream with my suitemates. We walked from MacGregor into Boston to Emack Bolios! It started raining just as we got there. I forgot to take pictures of the ice cream because I was excited to eat it, so just imagine a waffle cone with chocolatey-fudgy ice cream in it!Dinner today was assorted pastas. It was good. [Tuesday 5/21] studyingThere was an end-of-year blogger study break. We hung out, ate food Petey made (it was good), and watched bizzare TV shows from like 2003 (please comment below if you have any memories from this ancient year). [Wednesday 5/22] For the past several days, MacGregor has been providing each entry (living group of 30-45 people) with hot breakfast. I took advantage of this today and fueled up for my last day of studying with scrambled eggs and some fruit.I got lunch at Stata and then ate it outside (!) on North Court for the first time since fall.I went to a review session03 I apologize for contradicting the non-academic shenanigans part of this post. for my last final (which I will take tomorrow morning!).Dinner was pizza and wings. It was good. Please dont read this post and then try to mimic the finals-week-diet (its pretty unhealthy if you havent already noticed). [Thursday 5/23] As of 12:00PM, freshman year was officially over! I wrote cards for the TAs and Professor for 9.09 (Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology), one of my favorite classes this semester. Most of my classes first semester were really large since they were GIRs. The smaller size of this class made it feel like a family. I asked my friends to sign the cards too.After delivering the cards, I went to Flour Bakery + Cafe with my friends from 9.09. I got my favorite dessert there: the triple chocolate mousse cake. MmmmMMmmm. I helped my friend pack. It took five hours and a lot of heavy lifting but I am definitely a clean freak and took great pleasure in watching the space go from cluttered to empty. It also helped me think through the sort of challenges of packing things into three categories â€" summer storage, summer usage, and the weird in-between of things to take home for a week before I return to campus in June. [Friday 5/24] My morning got off to a late start (I was exhausted from the previous nights intense packing) with me eating the weirdest and biggest breakfast Ive had in a while. There were eggs, nearly half a tub of Greek yogurt, walnuts, and a few apples. When the smoke cleared, I found I had finished my food! Yay for no food waste!I met with my UROP supervisor to plan for the next few weeks. I have lots of interesting questions to answer this summer! Ill be working in the lab of one of my 9.09 professors (Troy Littleton), using fly genetics to explore synaptic structure and plasticity.Packing packing packing did you know vacuum bags are magical? I fit my quilt, sheets, pillow, towels, and five winter coats in one vacuum bag. I only used one this year, but I plan to use many more in the next few years.I got dinner at Spring Shabu Shabu, a hotpot restaurant just outside Boston. Its my one of my all-time favorite places. The first time I went there was in August, with a group of people from my FPOP . Since then, Ive had a lot of special dinners there, from dates to birthday celebrations. I cant recommend it enough. and thats a wrap on finals week Post Tagged #finals #summer storage For more information on this, see the third section of this post: https://mitadmissions.org/blogs/entry/teaching-at-mit/ back to text ? I got this for free at a party one time. As someone who has played piano for many years, it was a super nice addition to my suite lounge. A lot of my friends also had a good time learning or practicing on it. back to text ? I apologize for contradicting the 'non-academic shenanigans' part of this post. back to text ?

Analysis Of Frosh Supports Bulter s Theory And Through...

Frosh supports Bulter’s theory and through the quote Frosh expresses how otherness is used in order to arrange society and that the idea of masculinity and femininity are meaningless ideas created by societies. Clothing is used in order to reflect being part of a group. Barnard (2002) believes that dress is used as a way of reflecting that someone is a part of a group. In the 1980s this can be seen in groups such as Goths, Raggas and Raver. Malcom Barnard says: Barnard’s is saying it is not how someone is that make them apart of the Ragga group, it is how they dress and that someone does not intentionally go and buy clothing in order to reflect being a Ragga. Barnard’s idea of clothing used as belonging can also support the way clothing is used to express the wearers belonging to gender groups insinuating that people do not intentionally dress to reflect their gender but it is the wearing of certain clothing that establishes them with a gender. Clothes would accentuate the areas of the body that were associated with gender in a certain era such as bust, hip and waist for women in the Victorian era therefore expressing that the wearer is a woman. Mary Ellen Roach and Joanne Bubolz Eicher (2007) support this idea through their belief that the codpiece that was seen on hoses in the Medieval era was decorative in order to accentuate men’s privates. Padding can also be seen throughout history to make the shoulders wider for men and then in 1980s they are seen on the shoulder

The Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich - 1455 Words

The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich was a summary of Adolf’s journey from his boyhood to his final decision to end his life. Shirer successfully made his case as he laid down many points that proved the foolishness of the German citizen in becoming aroused by Hitler’s power and not reacting to stop him from getting any more powerful. The point of view must be addressed. Based on the author’s choice of words and writing, it was clear that he had found Hitler distasteful as he uses the words restless, bitter, demonic, and ruthless to describe the Fuhrer throughout the book. Therefore the writings in the book could have been influenced by the fact that he lived and worked in the Third Reich and witnessed Adolf Hitler’s rise of power first hand. The audience of the book, based on the difficulty of reading and the content, should be for young adults and older, historians, and for anyone interested in this topic. The book could be used for further research into this subject or simply for the pleasure of new information that have never been seen before in other famous Holocaust stories such as The Diary of Anne Frank. This book will definitely stimulate further conversation among historians and history lovers and historiography on this subject as the author’s thesis is quite controversial. Overall, I have liked the thoroughness of this book and all the interesting insights in which I have never come upon with other books talking about the Third Reich, I don’t recommend taking thisShow MoreRelatedThe Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich908 Words   |  4 PagesThe Rise and fall of the Third Reich was written by William L. Shirer. William L. Shirer was a well-known author. He was born in Chicago in 1904. While growing up in Chicago he became a foreign correspondent for the Chicago Tribune. William L Shirer was very intrigued by the drama in Germany. He decided to help inform the Americans about Nazi Germany before World War II. Wi lliam used all of his findings about Germany and created this book. William L. Shirer wrote several other books. William L. ShirerRead MoreThe Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich1193 Words   |  5 PagesThe Weimar Constitution was a genuine attempt to create a perfect democratic country. In his book The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (1960), American historian William L. Shirer described the Weimar Constitution as on paper, the most liberal and democratic document of its kind the twentieth century had ever seen ... full of ingenious and admirable devices which seemed to guarantee the working of an almost flawless democracy.† The constitution guaranteed equal rights to the German people, yet alsoRead MoreThe Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich916 Words   |  4 Pagesgetting formal education. His father Alois Hitler was a civil servant, but Hitler never wanted to be like his father. He has the urge to become a painter or an artist. His father’s life never interested him. According to the book â€Å"The Rise and Fall of The Third Reich,† Hitler explains his negligence towards getting a formal profession. â€Å"I did not want to become a civil servant, no, and again no. All attempts on my father’s part to inspire me with love or pleasure in this profession by stories fromRead More The Rise and Subsequent Fall of the Third Reich Essay4611 Words   |  19 PagesThe Rise and Subsequent Fall of the Third Reich Living in the crumbled remains of Germany, or the Weimar Republic, in the 1920’s was a dismal existence. Hyperinflation was rampant and the national debt skyrocketed as a result of the punishing features of the Treaty of Versailles. During the depression, however, a mysterious Austrian emerged from the depths of the German penal system and gave the desperate German people a glimpse of hope in very dark times. He called for a return to â€Å"Fatherland†Read MoreEssay about The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich1104 Words   |  5 Pagesplaced in a shell hole with gasoline and burned. The army of the Third Reich was a failure. Certainly it won many victories: it conquered Poland in 27 days, Denmark in one, Norway in twenty-three, Holland in five, Belgium in eighteen, France in thirty-nine, Yugoslavia in twelve and Greece in twenty-one (Cooper VII). From both the Holocaust and the war, the world has never been the same since World War II. Hitlers Reich was over and millions of Jews were dead from this attempt to have a superiorRead MoreWar On The Second World War923 Words   |  4 Pageswrote books on the Second World War. Some writers emphasized on the cause, some emphasized on the effects. â€Å"The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich† is a book on the Second World War written by William L Shirer. Shirer is an American Journalist and a war columnist. This book is written based on Shirer’s own experience while he was living in Germany during the early years of the Third Reich. William Lawrence Shirer was born in Chicago in February 23, 1904. His father was a lawyer and served as an assistantRead MoreNazi Germany During World War I924 Words   |  4 PagesAfter World War I, Adolf Hitler formed the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda after his rise to power in Germany. Hitler selected Dr. Joseph Goebbels as the head of the Reich Ministry to promote propaganda. â€Å"The Fà ¼hrer or Mr. Hitler explained in h is book Mein Kampf why propaganda should be used to control the populace and how it had been a useful weapon for the allies during World War I. Hitler continued by criticizing the German leadership for failing to use propaganda in anyRead MoreDangerous Games : Political Indoctrination Of Nazi Ideology1488 Words   |  6 Pages Hist 421 December 10, 2015 Dangerous Games: Political Indoctrination of Nazi Ideology The rise of the Nazi Party, saw a rise of attention to the German Youth, who were rapidly becoming a core political component of the party. Nazis viewed children as the perfect breeding ground for their ideology, as early indoctrination of party ideals and norms would ensure the security of the Third Reich into the future. With this in mind, the Hitler Youth program was one of the more successful programsRead MoreThe World War And The Fall Of The Soviet World1495 Words   |  6 PagesFollowing the Second World War and the fall of the already demonized Third Reich, the Western world sought to understand what had possessed 60 million Germans to stand any which way but against the Nazi regime. With no real historical example to be compared to, many historians resorted to the Sonderweg theory to explain the rise of the National Socialist party in Germany, but others turned their attention away from the causes and chose instead to address what life was like under Hitler.1 Mosse beginsRe ad MoreHow did Nazi Propoganda Help Hitler Condolidate Power1397 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent mediums. One of these ‘mediums’ was the radio. Hitler and Goebbels discussed the potential of the radio and how helpful it could be to Nazi Propaganda. In April 1934, the Nazis took over all regional radio stations and formed a united Reich Radio Company. The Nazis encouraged the production of radios by subsiding them heavily; millions of cheap radios were produced (Shirer 247). Education was another way Goebbels could influence the next generation. School textbooks were Nazi-orientated

The Twilight Saga 3 Eclipse Chapter 9. TARGET Free Essays

string(20) " bowl in his hands\." ALICE DROPPED ME OFF IN THE MORNING, IN KEEPING with the slumber party charade. It wouldn’t be long until Edward showed up, officially returning from his â€Å"hiking† trip. All of the pretenses were starting to wear on me. We will write a custom essay sample on The Twilight Saga 3: Eclipse Chapter 9. TARGET or any similar topic only for you Order Now I wouldn’t miss this part of being human. Charlie peeked through the front window when he heard me slam the car door. He waved to Alice, and then went to get the door for me. â€Å"Did you have fun?† Charlie asked. â€Å"Sure, it was great. Very . . . girlie.† I carried my stuff in, dumped it all at the foot of the stairs, and wandered into the kitchen to look for a snack. â€Å"You’ve got a message,† Charlie called after me. On the kitchen counter, the phone message pad was propped up conspicuously against a saucepan. Jacob called, Charlie had written. He said he didn’t mean it, and that he’s sorry. He wants you to call him. Be nice and give him a break. He sounded upset. I grimaced. Charlie didn’t usually editorialize on my messages. Jacob could just go ahead and be upset. I didn’t want to talk to him. Last I’d heard, they weren’t big on allowing phone calls from the other side. If Jacob preferred me dead, then maybe he should get used to the silence. My appetite evaporated. I turned an about face and went to put my things away. â€Å"Aren’t you going to call Jacob?† Charlie asked. He was leaning around the living room wall, watching me pick up. â€Å"No.† I started up the stairs. â€Å"That’s not very attractive behavior, Bella,† he said. â€Å"Forgiveness is divine.† â€Å"Mind your own business,† I muttered under my breath, much too low for him to hear. I knew the laundry was building up, so after I put my toothpaste away and threw my dirty clothes in the hamper, I went to strip Charlie’s bed. I left his sheets in a pile at the top of the stairs and went to get mine. I paused beside the bed, cocking my head to the side. Where was my pillow? I turned in a circle, scanning the room. No pillow. I noticed that my room looked oddly tidy. Hadn’t my gray sweatshirt been draped over the low bedpost on the footboard? And I would swear there had been a pair of dirty socks behind the rocking chair, along with the red blouse I’d tried on two mornings ago, but decided was too dressy for school, hanging over the arm. . . . I spun around again. My hamper wasn’t empty, but it wasn’t overflowing, the way I thought it had been. Was Charlie doing laundry? That was out of character. â€Å"Dad, did you start the wash?† I shouted out my door. â€Å"Um, no,† he shouted back, sounding guilty. â€Å"Did you want me to?† â€Å"No, I got it. Were you looking for something in my room?† â€Å"No. Why?† â€Å"I can’t find . . . a shirt. . . .† â€Å"I haven’t been in there.† And then I remembered that Alice had been here to get my pajamas. I hadn’t noticed that she’d borrowed my pillow, too – probably since I’d avoided the bed. It looked like she had cleaned while she was passing through. I blushed for my slovenly ways. But that red shirt really wasn’t dirty, so I went to save it from the hamper. I expected to find it near the top, but it wasn’t there. I dug through the whole pile and still couldn’t find it. I knew I was probably getting paranoid, but it seemed like something else was missing, or maybe more than one something. I didn’t even have half a load here. I ripped my sheets off and headed for the laundry closet, grabbing Charlie’s on the way. The washing machine was empty. I checked the dryer, too, half-expecting to find a washed load waiting for me, courtesy of Alice. Nothing. I frowned, mystified. â€Å"Did you find what you were looking for?† Charlie yelled. â€Å"Not yet.† I went back upstairs to search under my bed. Nothing but dust bunnies. I started to dig through my dresser. Maybe I’d put the red shirt away and forgotten. I gave up when the doorbell rang. That would be Edward. â€Å"Door,† Charlie informed me from the couch as I skipped past him. â€Å"Don’t strain yourself, Dad.† I pulled the door open with a big smile on my face. Edward’s golden eyes were wide, his nostrils flared, his lips pulled back over his teeth. â€Å"Edward?† My voice was sharp with shock as I read his expression. â€Å"What -?† He put his finger to my lips. â€Å"Give me two seconds,† he whispered. â€Å"Don’t move.† I stood frozen on the doorstep and he . . . disappeared. He moved so quickly that Charlie wouldn’t even have seen him pass. Before I could compose myself enough to count to two, he was back. He put his arm around my waist and pulled me swiftly toward the kitchen. His eyes darted around the room, and he held me against his body as if he were shielding me from something. I threw a glance toward Charlie on the couch, but he was studiously ignoring us. â€Å"Someone’s been here,† he murmured in my ear after he pulled me to the back of the kitchen. His voice was strained; it was difficult to hear him over the thumping of the washing machine. â€Å"I swear that no werewolves -† I started to say. â€Å"Not one of them,† he interrupted me quickly, shaking his head. â€Å"One of us.† His tone made it clear that he didn’t mean a member of his family. I felt the blood empty from my face. â€Å"Victoria?† I choked. â€Å"It’s not a scent I recognize.† â€Å"One of the Volturi,† I guessed. â€Å"Probably.† â€Å"When?† â€Å"That’s why I think it must have been them – it wasn’t long ago, early this morning while Charlie was sleeping. And whoever it was didn’t touch him, so there must have been another purpose.† â€Å"Looking for me.† He didn’t answer. His body was frozen, a statue. â€Å"What are you two hissing about in here?† Charlie asked suspiciously, rounding the corner with an empty popcorn bowl in his hands. You read "The Twilight Saga 3: Eclipse Chapter 9. TARGET" in category "Essay examples" I felt green. A vampire had been in the house looking for me while Charlie slept. Panic overwhelmed me, closed my throat. I couldn’t answer, I just stared at him in horror. Charlie’s expression changed. Abruptly, he was grinning. â€Å"If you two are having a fight . . . well, don’t let me interrupt.† Still grinning, he put his bowl in the sink and sauntered out of the room. â€Å"Let’s go,† Edward said in a low hard voice. â€Å"But Charlie!† The fear was squeezing my chest, making it hard to breathe. He deliberated for a short second, and then his phone was in his hand. â€Å"Emmett,† he muttered into the receiver. He began talking so fast that I couldn’t understand the words. It was over in half a minute. He started pulling me toward the door. â€Å"Emmett and Jasper are on their way,† he whispered when he felt my resistance. â€Å"They’ll sweep the woods. Charlie is fine.† I let him drag me along then, too panicked to think clearly. Charlie met my frightened eyes with a smug grin, which suddenly turned to confusion. Edward had me out the door before Charlie could say anything. â€Å"Where are we going?† I couldn’t stop whispering, even after we were in the car. â€Å"We’re going to talk to Alice,† he told me, his volume normal but his voice bleak. â€Å"You think maybe she saw something?† He stared at the road through narrowed eyes. â€Å"Maybe.† They were waiting for us, on alert after Edward’s call. It was like walking into a museum, everyone still as statues in various poses of stress. â€Å"What happened?† Edward demanded as soon as we were through the door. I was shocked to see that he was glowering at Alice, his hands fisted in anger. Alice stood with her arms folded tight across her chest. Only her lips moved. â€Å"I have no idea. I didn’t see anything.† â€Å"How is that possible?† he hissed. â€Å"Edward,† I said, a quiet reproof. I didn’t like him talking to Alice this way. Carlisle interrupted in a calming voice. â€Å"It’s not an exact science, Edward.† â€Å"He was in her room, Alice. He could have still been there – waiting for her.† â€Å"I would have seen that.† Edward threw his hands up in exasperation. â€Å"Really? You’re sure?† Alice’s voice was cold when she answered. â€Å"You’ve already got me watching the Volturis’ decisions, watching for Victoria’s return, watching Bella’s every step. You want to add another? Do I just have to watch Charlie, or Bella’s room, or the house, or the whole street, too? Edward, if I try to do too much, things are going to start slipping through the cracks.† â€Å"It looks like they already are,† Edward snapped. â€Å"She was never in any danger. There was nothing to see.† â€Å"If you’re watching Italy, why didn’t you see them send -â€Å" â€Å"I don’t think it’s them,† Alice insisted. â€Å"I would have seen that.† â€Å"Who else would leave Charlie alive?† I shuddered. â€Å"I don’t know,† Alice said. â€Å"Helpful.† â€Å"Stop it, Edward,† I whispered. He turned on me, his face still livid, his teeth clenched together. He glared at me for half a second, and then, suddenly, he exhaled. His eyes widened and his jaw relaxed. â€Å"You’re right, Bella. I’m sorry.† He looked at Alice. â€Å"Forgive me, Alice. I shouldn’t be taking this out on you. That was inexcusable.† â€Å"I understand,† Alice assured him. â€Å"I’m not happy about it, either.† Edward took a deep breath. â€Å"Okay, let’s look at this logically. What are the possibilities?† Everyone seemed to thaw out at once. Alice relaxed and leaned against the back of the couch. Carlisle walked slowly toward her, his eyes far away. Esme sat on the sofa in front of Alice, curling her legs up on the seat. Only Rosalie remained unmoving, her back to us, staring out the glass wall. Edward pulled me to the sofa and I sat next to Esme, who shifted to put her arm around me. He held one of my hands tightly in both of his. â€Å"Victoria?† Carlisle asked. Edward shook his head. â€Å"No. I didn’t know the scent. He might have been from the Volturi, someone I’ve never met. . . .† Alice shook her head. â€Å"Aro hasn’t asked anyone to look for her yet. I will see that. I’m waiting for it.† Edward’s head snapped up. â€Å"You’re watching for an official command.† â€Å"You think someone’s acting on their own? Why?† â€Å"Caius’s idea,† Edward suggested, his face tightening again. â€Å"Or Jane’s . . . ,† Alice said. â€Å"They both have the resources to send an unfamiliar face. . . .† Edward scowled. â€Å"And the motivation.† â€Å"It doesn’t make sense, though,† Esme said. â€Å"If whoever it was meant to wait for Bella, Alice would have seen that. He – or she – had no intention of hurting Bella. Or Charlie, for that matter.† I cringed at my father’s name. â€Å"It’s going to be fine, Bella,† Esme murmured, smoothing my hair. â€Å"But what was the point then?† Carlisle mused. â€Å"Checking to see if I’m still human?† I guessed. â€Å"Possible,† Carlisle said. Rosalie breathed out a sigh, loud enough for me to hear. She’d unfrozen, and her face was turned expectantly toward the kitchen. Edward, on the other hand, looked discouraged. Emmett burst through the kitchen door, Jasper right behind him. â€Å"Long gone, hours ago,† Emmett announced, disappointed. â€Å"The trail went East, then South, and disappeared on a side road. Had a car waiting.† â€Å"That’s bad luck,† Edward muttered. â€Å"If he’d gone west . . . well, it would be nice for those dogs to make themselves useful.† I winced, and Esme rubbed my shoulder. Jasper looked at Carlisle. â€Å"Neither of us recognized him. But here.† He held out something green and crumpled. Carlisle took it from him and held it to his face. I saw, as it exchanged hands, that it was a broken fern frond. â€Å"Maybe you know the scent.† â€Å"No,† Carlisle said. â€Å"Not familiar. No one I’ve ever met.† â€Å"Perhaps we’re looking at this the wrong way. Maybe it’s a coincidence . . . ,† Esme began, but stopped when she saw everyone else’s incredulous expressions. â€Å"I don’t mean a coincidence that a stranger happened to pick Bella’s house to visit at random. I meant that maybe someone was just curious. Our scent is all around her. Was he wondering what draws us there?† â€Å"Why wouldn’t he just come here then? If he was curious?† Emmett demanded. â€Å"You would,† Esme said with a sudden, fond smile. â€Å"The rest of us aren’t always so direct. Our family is very large – he or she might be frightened. But Charlie wasn’t harmed. This doesn’t have to be an enemy.† Just curious. Like James and Victoria had been curious, in the beginning? The thought of Victoria made me tremble, though the one thing they seemed certain of was that it had not been her. Not this time. She would stick to her obsessed pattern. This was just someone else, a stranger. I was slowly realizing that vampires were much bigger participants in this world than I’d once thought. How many times did the average human cross paths with them, completely unaware? How many deaths, obliviously reported as crimes and accidents, were really due to their thirst? How crowded would this new world be when I finally joined it? The shrouded future sent a shiver down my spine. The Cullens pondered Esme’s words with varying expressions. I could see that Edward did not accept her theory, and that Carlisle very much wanted to. Alice pursed her lips. â€Å"I don’t think so. The timing of it was too perfect. . . . This visitor was so careful to make no contact. Almost like he or she knew that I would see. . . .† â€Å"He could have other reasons for not making contact,† Esme reminded her. â€Å"Does it really matter who it was?† I asked. â€Å"Just the chance that someone was looking for me . . . isn’t that reason enough? We shouldn’t wait for graduation.† â€Å"No, Bella,† Edward said quickly. â€Å"It’s not that bad. If you’re really in danger, we’ll know.† â€Å"Think of Charlie,† Carlisle reminded me. â€Å"Think of how it would hurt him if you disappeared.† â€Å"I am thinking of Charlie! He’s the one I’m worried about! What if my little guest had happened to be thirsty last night? As long as I’m around Charlie, he’s a target, too. If anything happened to him, it would be all myfault!† â€Å"Hardly, Bella,† Esme said, patting my hair again. â€Å"And nothing will happen to Charlie. We’re just going to have to be more careful.† â€Å"More careful?† I repeated in disbelief. â€Å"It’s all going to be fine, Bella,† Alice promised; Edward squeezed my hand. And I could see, looking at all of their beautiful faces one by one, that nothing I could say was going to change their minds. It was a quiet ride home. I was frustrated. Against my better judgment, I was still human. â€Å"You won’t be alone for a second,† Edward promised as he drove me to Charlie’s. â€Å"Someone will always be there. Emmett, Alice, Jasper . . .† I sighed. â€Å"This is ridiculous. They’ll get so bored, they’ll have to kill me themselves, just for something to do.† Edward gave me a sour look. â€Å"Hilarious, Bella.† Charlie was in a good mood when we got back. He could see the tension between me and Edward, and he was misinterpreting it. He watched me throw together his dinner with a smug smile on his face. Edward had excused himself for a moment, to do some surveillance, I assumed, but Charlie waited till he was back to pass on my messages. â€Å"Jacob called again,† Charlie said as soon as Edward was in the room. I kept my face empty as I set the plate in front of him. â€Å"Is that a fact?† Charlie frowned. â€Å"Don’t be petty, Bella. He sounded really low.† â€Å"Is Jacob paying you for all the P.R., or are you a volunteer?† Charlie grumbled incoherently at me until the food cut off his garbled complaint. Though he didn’t realize it, he’d found his mark. My life was feeling a lot like a game of dice right now – would the next roll come up snake eyes? What if something did happen to me? It seemed worse than petty to leave Jacob feeling guilty about what he’d said. But I didn’t want to talk to him with Charlie around, to have to watch my every word so I didn’t let the wrong thing slip. Thinking about this made me jealous of Jacob and Billy’s relationship. How easy it must be when you had no secrets from the person you lived with. So I would wait for the morning. I most likely wasn’t going to die tonight, after all, and it wouldn’t hurt him to feel guilty for twelve more hours. It might even be good for him. When Edward officially left for the evening, I wondered who was out in the downpour, keeping an eye on Charlie and me. I felt awful for Alice or whoever else it might be, but still comforted. I had to admit it was nice, knowing I wasn’t alone. And Edward was back in record time. He sang me to sleep again and – aware even in unconsciousness that he was there – I slept free of nightmares. In the morning, Charlie left to go fishing with Deputy Mark before I was up. I decided to use this lack of supervision to be divine. â€Å"I’m going to let Jacob off the hook,† I warned Edward after I’d eaten breakfast. â€Å"I knew you’d forgive him,† he said with an easy smile. â€Å"Holding grudges is not one of your many talents.† I rolled my eyes, but I was pleased. It seemed like Edward really was over the whole anti-werewolf thing. I didn’t look at the clock until after I’d dialed. It was a little early for calls, and I worried that I would wake Billy and Jake, but someone picked up before the second ring, so he couldn’t have been too far from the phone. â€Å"Hello?† a dull voice said. â€Å"Jacob?† â€Å"Bella!† he exclaimed. â€Å"Oh, Bella, I’m so sorry!† he tripped over the words as he hurried to get them out. â€Å"I swear I didn’t mean it. I was just being stupid. I was angry – but that’s no excuse. It was the stupidest thing I’ve ever said in my life and I’m sorry. Don’t be mad at me, please? Please. Lifetime of servitude up for grabs – all you have to do is forgive me.† â€Å"I’m not mad. You’re forgiven.† â€Å"Thank you,† he breathed fervently. â€Å"I can’t believe I was such a jerk.† â€Å"Don’t worry about that – I’m used to it.† He laughed, exuberant with relief. â€Å"Come down to see me,† he begged. â€Å"I want to make it up to you.† I frowned. â€Å"How?† â€Å"Anything you want. Cliff diving,† he suggested, laughing again. â€Å"Oh, there’s a brilliant idea.† â€Å"I’ll keep you safe,† he promised. â€Å"No matter what you want to do.† I glanced at Edward. His face was very calm, but I was sure this was not the time. â€Å"Not right now.† â€Å"He’s not thrilled with me, is he?† Jacob’s voice was ashamed, rather than bitter, for once. â€Å"That’s not the problem. There’s . . . well, there’s this other problem that’s slightly more worrisome than a bratty teenage werewolf. . . .† I tried to keep my tone joking, but I didn’t fool him. â€Å"What’s wrong?† he demanded. â€Å"Um.† I wasn’t sure what I should tell him. Edward held his hand out for the phone. I looked at his face carefully. He seemed calm enough. â€Å"Bella?† Jacob asked. Edward sighed, holding his hand closer. â€Å"Do you mind speaking to Edward?† I asked apprehensively. â€Å"He wants to talk to you.† There was a long pause. â€Å"Okay,† Jacob finally agreed. â€Å"This should be interesting.† I handed the phone to Edward; I hoped he could read the warning in my eyes. â€Å"Hello, Jacob,† Edward said, perfectly polite. There was a silence. I bit my lip, trying to guess how Jacob would answer. â€Å"Someone was here – not a scent I know,† Edward explained. â€Å"Has your pack come across anything new?† Another pause, while Edward nodded to himself, unsurprised. â€Å"Here’s the crux, Jacob. I won’t be letting Bella out of my sight till I get this taken care of. It’s nothing personal -â€Å" Jacob interrupted him then, and I could hear the buzz of his voice from the receiver. Whatever he was saying, he was more intense than before. I tried unsuccessfully to make out the words. â€Å"You might be right -,† Edward began, but Jacob was arguing again. Neither of them sounded angry, at least. â€Å"That’s an interesting suggestion. We’re quite willing to renegotiate. If Sam is amenable.† Jacob’s voice was quieter now. I started chewing on my thumbnail as I tried to read Edward’s expression. â€Å"Thank you,† Edward replied. Then Jacob said something that caused a surprised expression to flicker across Edward’s face. â€Å"I’d planned to go alone, actually,† Edward said, answering the unexpected question. â€Å"And leave her with the others.† Jacob’s voice rose in pitch, and it sounded to me like he was trying to be persuasive. â€Å"I’ll try to consider it objectively,† Edward promised. â€Å"As objectively as I’m capable of.† The pause was shorter this time. â€Å"That’s not a half-bad idea. When? . . . No, that’s fine. I’d like a chance to follow the trail personally, anyway. Ten minutes . . . Certainly,† Edward said. He held the phone out to me. â€Å"Bella?† I took it slowly, feeling confused. â€Å"What was that all about?† I asked Jacob, my voice peeved. I knew it was juvenile, but I felt excluded. â€Å"A truce, I think. Hey, do me a favor,† Jacob suggested. â€Å"Try to convince your bloodsucker that the safest place for you to be – especially when he leaves – is on the reservation. We’re well able to handle anything.† â€Å"Is that what you were trying to sell him?† â€Å"Yes. It makes sense. Charlie’s probably better off here, too. As much as possible.† â€Å"Get Billy on it,† I agreed. I hated that I was putting Charlie within the range of the crosshairs that always seemed to be centered on me. â€Å"What else?† â€Å"Just rearranging some boundaries, so we can catch anyone who gets too near Forks. I’m not sure if Sam will go for it, but until he comes around, I’ll keep an eye on things.† â€Å"What do you mean by ‘keep an eye on things’?† â€Å"I mean that if you see a wolf running around your house, don’t shoot at it.† â€Å"Of course not. You really shouldn’t do anything . . . risky, though.† He snorted. â€Å"Don’t be stupid. I can take care of myself.† I sighed. â€Å"I also tried to convince him to let you visit. He’s prejudiced, so don’t let him give you any crap about safety. He knows as well as I do that you’d be safe here.† â€Å"I’ll keep that in mind.† â€Å"See you in a few,† Jacob said. â€Å"You’re coming up?† â€Å"Yeah. I’m going to get the scent of your visitor so we can track him if he comes back.† â€Å"Jake, I really don’t like the idea of you tracking -â€Å" â€Å"Oh please, Bella,† he interrupted. Jacob laughed, and then hung up. How to cite The Twilight Saga 3: Eclipse Chapter 9. TARGET, Essay examples

Massage Therapy Essays - Massage Therapy, Manual Therapy, Massage

Massage Therapy Recently, the practice of massage therapy has grown remarkably in the United States. It has become more widely accepted as a medical practice by doctors as well as the general public. Massage is defined as: ?the systematic manual or mechanical manipulations of the soft tissues of the body by such movements as rubbing, kneading, pressing, rolling, slapping, and tapping, for therapeutic purposes such as promoting circulation of the blood and lymph, relaxation of muscles, relief from pain, restoration of metabolic balance, and other benefits both physical and mental (Beck 3). The use of massage therapy has many benefits that even medicine or other methods of relief cannot offer. Historical evidence has led to indicate that massage was probably one of the earliest remedies for pain relief and for the restoration of the body. The roots of massage can be traced back to ancient civilizations where many artifacts have been found to support the belief that prehistoric people massaged their muscles and perhaps even used some form of oil. Early civilizations including ancient Chinese, Japanese, Indian, Hindu, Greek and Roman used some form of massage therapy treatment. With the decline of the Roman Empire, popularity of massage and health care in general also declined. The Renaissance period brought back the interest in health and science, and massage once again became common practice. In the following century, medical practitioners incorporated massage therapy into their healing treatments. Early in the nineteenth century, Per Henrik Ling, a physiologist and fencing master, from Sweden developed systems of movements that he found to be beneficial in improving physical conditions. Based on the science of physiology, his movements became known as Medical Gymnastics. Ling established the Royal Swedish Central Institute of Gymnastics in 1813. Ling's Medical Gymnastics was taught in his new institute and became known as the Swedish Movements. Per Hendik Ling became known as the father of physical therapy. Mathias Roth, an English physician who studied at Ling's institute, established his own institute in England. Then Charles Fayette Taylor, a physician from New York, studied under Roth and brought the Swedish Movements to the United States. In the beginning of the twentieth century, massage therapy once again began to decline. A reason for the decline was that many false practitioners, taking advantage of its popularity, gave poor treatment and hurt the reputation of all practitioners. The advancement of new medicine also helped in the decline. "Technical and intellectual advances developed new treatment strategies that were based more on pharmacology and surgical procedures. The old ideas of treating disease through diet, exercise, and bathing gave way to the more sophisticated practices of modern medicine." (Beck 13). In the 1960's, the popularity massage therapy once again revived. The popularity boom was caused by the increased cost of traditional medicines and increased awareness of physical and mental fitness. Massage therapy gained in popularity through the years and its recognition became official in 1992 when the first National Certification for Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork exam was given. Massage therapy offers many benefits to the human body without the use of medicines. "Massage therapy has clearly been shown to me to be very beneficial, particularly in areas where conventional medicine has not been as successful, including chronic arthritis, musculoskeletal syndromes and chronic headache, among others" (Fritz 56). Massage is a natural and instinctive way of relieving minor aches and pains as well as nervous tension and fatigue. Direct benefits include increased blood circulation, stretching or muscle tissue, and loosening of scar tissue. This results in the indirect effects of reduced blood pressure and the general relaxation of muscles. Major advantages of massage therapy include the increased health of the muscular system, the nervous system, and the circulatory system. The stimulation of the muscular system and its circulation, nerve supply and cell activity encourages the nutrition and development of the muscles. "A muscle fatigued by exercise will be more quickly restored by massage than by rest alone because massage helps to remove from the muscle the lactic acid and metabolic wastes that cause it to tighten or become sore" (Thomson 43). Injured muscle tissue will have a faster healing time and with fewer complications with the application of therapeutic massage because it prevents,

Definition and Examples of Slips of the Tongue

Definition and Examples of Slips of the Tongue A slip of the tongue is a mistake in speaking, usually trivial, sometimes amusing. Also called  lapsus linguae or tongue-slip. As David Crystal has noted, studies of tongue-slips have revealed a great deal about the neuropsychological processes that underlie speech (The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, 2010). EtymologyA translation of the Latin, lapsus linguae, cited by John Dryden in 1667. Examples and Observations [British Prime Minister]  David Cameron  has accidentally described the 7 May election as career-defining when he meant country-defining, his third gaffe of recent days.  His mistake on Friday was immediately jumped on by his opponents as unintentionally revealing that he was more concerned about his own job prospects than the future of the UK.  It is likely that the prime minister will step down as Tory leader if he is voted out of Downing Street.This is a real career-defining . . . country-defining election that we face in less than a week’s time, he told an audience at the headquarters of Asda in Leeds.(Rowena Mason, Cameron Mocked After Describing Election as Career-Defining.  The Guardian, May 1, 2015)In an apparent slip of the tongue on the campaign trail yesterday, Mitt Romney mixed up the names of Al Qaeda mastermind Osama bin Laden and Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama.The former Massachusetts governor was criticizing Democrats on foreign policy when he said, according to the Associated Press, Actually, just look at what Osam- Barack Obama- said just yesterday. Barack Obama, calling on radicals, jihadists of all different types, to come together in Iraq. That is the battlefield. . . . Its almost as if the Democratic contenders for president are living in fantasyland. . . .Romney, who was speaking at a Chamber of Commerce meeting in Greenwood, S.C., was referring to an audiotape broadcast Monday on Al Jazeera, purportedly of bin Laden, calling for insurgents in Iraq to unite.  Romney spokesman Kevin Madden later explained: Governor Romney simply misspoke. He was referring to the recently released audiotape of Osama bin Laden and misspoke when referencing his name. It was just a brief mix-up.(Marcella Bombardieri, Romney Mixes Up Osama, Obama During S.C. Speech. The Boston Globe, October 24, 2007) We need laws that protect everyone. Men and women, straights and gays, regardless of sexual perversion . . . ah, persuasion . . ..(New York Congresswoman Bella Abzug, quoted by Robert Louis Young in Understanding Misunderstandings: A Practical Guide to More Successful Human Interaction. University of Texas Press, 1999)The Badger State boasts [John] Kerrys most famous slip of the tongue: the time he declared his love for Lambert Field, suggesting that the states beloved Green Bay Packers play their home games on the frozen tundra of the St. Louis airport.(Chris Suellentrop, Kerry Puts the Gloves On. Slate, October 16, 2004)Types of Slips of the TongueNormal speech contains a large number of such slips, though these mostly pass unnoticed. The errors fall into patterns, and it is possible to draw conclusions from them about the underlying mechanisms involved. They can be divided into (1) Selection errors, where a wrong item has been chosen, usually a lexical item, as with tomorrow inste ad of today in Thats all for tomorrow. (2) Assemblage errors, where the correct items have been selected, but they have been assembled in the wrong order, as in holed and sealed for soled and healed.(Jean Aitchison, Slip of the Tongue. The Oxford Companion to the English Language, 1992) Causes of Slips of the TongueMost everyday slips of the tongue . . . are often simply the result of a sound being carried over from one word to the next, as in black bloxes (for black boxes), or a sound used in one word in anticipation of its occurrence in the next word, as in noman numeral (for roman numeral), or a tup of tea (cup), or the most highly played player (paid). The last example is close to the reversal type of slip, illustrated by shu flots, which may not make you beel fetter if youre suffering from a stick neff, and its always better to loop before you leak. The last two examples involve the interchange of word-final sounds and are much less common than word-initial slips.(George Yule, The Study of Language. Cambridge University Press, 2010)Predicting Slips of the Tongue[I]t is possible to make predictions about the form tongue slips are likely to take when they occur. Given the intended sentence The car missed the bike / but hit the wall (where / marks an intonation/rh ythm boundary, and the strongly stressed words are italicized), the likely slips are going to include bar for car or wit for hit. Most unlikely would be har for car (showing the influence of a less prominent word in the second tone unit) or lit for hit (showing a final consonant replacing an initial one).(David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2010) Freud on Slips of the TongueIf a slip of the tongue that turns what the speaker intended to say into its opposite is made by one of the adversaries in a serious argument, it immediately puts him at a disadvantage, and his opponent seldom wastes any time in exploiting the advantage for his own ends.(Sigmund Freud, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901), trans. by Anthea Bell. Penguin, 2002)The Lighter Side of Tongue Slips- Jerry: For my murinal, I was inspired by the death of my grandma.Tom: You said murinal![Everyone laughs]Jerry: No, I didnt.Ann: Yes, you did. You said murinal. I heard it.Jerry: Anyway, sheApril: Jerry, why dont you put that murinal in the mens room so people can murinate all over it?Tom: Jerry, go to the doctor. You might have a murinary tract infection.[Jerry takes down his mural and walks away defeated.]Jerry: I just wanted to show you my art.Everyone: Murinal! Murinal! Murinal!(The Camel, Parks and Recreation, 2010)- I understand you have taken exception to my calling you whores. Im sorry. I apologize. I ask you to note that I did not call you callous-ass strumpets, fornicatresses, or low-born gutter sluts. But I did say whores. No escaping that. And for that slip of the tongue, I apologize.(Paul Newman as Roy Bean in The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean, 1972)- Maizie said, At Sharis, for only fifteen dollars, you can get a haircut and a blow job.Oh? The gentleman looked surprised . . . and interested.Violet leaned over and said, She means a blow dry.Oh, he said, his voice dropping as the full realization of his loss occurred to him.(Tina Welling, Crybaby Ranch. New American Library, 2008)

Religious Coursework

Religious Coursework Religious Coursework Religious Coursework Usually algorithm of religious coursework writing includes the following: The choice of religious coursework topics: Creation of the coursework outline. Collecting material for college coursework writing. Writing coursework draft. Making the necessary additions and changes. Final editing before turning in the coursework. Religious coursework writing is a self-study of the student, formulated in the form of a scientific work. Religious coursework writing is an essential part of the educational process. The purpose of college religious coursework is: firstly, to give the student an opportunity to conduct an independent scientific study, to deepen the knowledge of general religious course; secondly, to determine the student's ability to conduct scientific research. Coursework topic should be associated with the program studied at religious course. Topic may be assigned by the adviser as well as proposed by the student. Religious coursework contains the following main parts: introduction, theory, the results, discussion of the results, conclusions, and the recommendation. In the introduction you should, firstly, justify the need of the proposed study and, secondly, explain your interest and the value of selected coursework. It should provide answers to the questions: "What is already known about the problem? Who has already done something to solve the problem? What results were obtained prior to your research? With the help of what methods they were obtained? Clearly show what you are going to investigate, highlight "the main sector" of the issue, and clearly define the goal. Keep in mind that your reader might have a different interpretation of the problem and it is your responsibility to deliver the intended message. Show the methods you will use to solve the problem. Highlight strengths and weaknesses of the used methods, the complexity and difficulties of such coursework writing. Coursework Help Coursework writers should pay attention to style they use for writing coursework. The language of the English courseworkmust to be scientific, not conversational. At the same time, heavy and unusual verbal constructions are unlikely to give greater solidity to your writing. It is needless to recall that the college coursework should be written in accordance to assigned format. Once the coursework is written and turned in to the adviser, the work is not over yet because you would have to deliver a speech to protect your coursework. The procedure doesn;t contain anything terrible, you will have to tell few words about your English coursework (in fact - squeezing from introduction and conclusion). Here, the main thing is confidence, the ability to pick up the most important tings, clearly and concisely express your thoughts. .com We offer you an opportunity to benefit from professional religious coursework writing service at our site. We hire exceptionally experienced and educated writers who are confident in their writing abilities. We guarantee originality and timely delivery. Custom essay writing service is your chance to improve grades. Read also: Nursing School Admission Essay Custom Admission Essay College Entrance Essay Outline Application Essay Admission Essay Writing

Got Milk It's Good for You-- Unless It's Contaminated Case Study

Got Milk It's Good for You-- Unless It's Contaminated - Case Study Example This in turn resulted in losses and reduced profits for them. It also brought about health complications among their customers who developed diseases linked to the kidneys. Eventually the businesspersons involved in the fraud had to face very stiff charges that were imposed on them by the authorities. The liability of such an issue should lie on the management along with the members of staff responsible for testing the milk’s quality at their manufacturing plant. This is because the carrying out of these tests will enable the organization to avoid the damages that will come up after their products consumption by their customers. 2. A Customer relations management system would have greatly helped in communicating issues in the milk production supply chain. This is because they would have learnt earlier about the contamination since the customers encountering them would have raised complains. The management would then have responded to the complaints earlier on and helped resolv e the crisis that followed later on (Lieberthal, 2011). For example, the competition in the Chinese market for daily products increased tremendously with the different manufacturing plants offering high prices to get the products from the farmers (Baltzan and Phillips, 2010). ... A company can use a CRM system to perform damage control after finding out about by contaminated milk within their supply chains by collecting information and disbursing it. The system could be important in monitoring the recovery of the affected customers and checking whether there are other complications, which are developing. It could also be vital in distributing information to the teams on the ground on any suspicious products being sold to their customers. This could be through the work of unscrupulous intermediaries as in the case of the Chinese organizations. 3. I do agree with the sentences awarded to the two men for their roles in the milk scandal. The intermediaries were awarded the most appropriate sentence for directly adding harmful substances to the milk (Baltzan and Phillips, 2010). The boss on the other hand was rightfully awarded the life imprisonment term for his ignorance in first testing the milk before it got to their customers (Lieberthal, 2011). The case study clearly indicates that it was the unscrupulous intermediaries who put additives into the milk in an effort of having them pass the test of fitness and quality. The competition that existed in the business caused the standards of their products to fall drastically. The actions of the two men led to the death of many Chinese children along with the hospitalization of thousands more. Some customers also developed kidney ailments that would have had adverse effects on their health conditions. The United States government should also implement similar legislations to protect the consumers of various products against the adverse effects of unethical corporate behaviors. This pieces of legislation will help in

Currently Israel controls Palestinian water, what rights does Israel Research Paper

Currently Israel controls Palestinian water, what rights does Israel have to manage water crucially needed or the Palestinian people - Research Paper Example rael has recently reconfirmed its intention to implement the decision of the Local Israeli Assembly for Organization and Building to give a piece of land from the Hadera area to build a desalination plant for the benefit of the Palestinian Authority†¦The Palestinian Water Authority (PWA) [...] states that the Palestinian side is unwilling to purchase water at such a high cost from sources that are on the Mediterranean Coast and Jordan River, knowing that this water in fact partially belongs to the Palestinians but is inaccessible for them. (EMIS) If the Palestinians do not want water, what is their agenda? The agenda is Palestinians want to expel Jews from Israel. They believe that Israel should be Palestine, despite the military victories giving Israel more land. The Gaza Strip is a very small area of land with a total area of only 360 square kilometers (roughly 150 square miles — ed.). It is underlain by a shallow aquifer, which is contiguous with the Israeli Coastal Aquifer to the north. Gaza is the â€Å"downstream user† of the Coastal Aquifer system, and hence water abstraction in Gaza does not affect Israeli water supplies†¦In addition, missile strikes and ground incursions have repeatedly damaged and destroyed pipelines, and maintenance personnel have been arrested, shot at, or even killed whilst trying to carry out repairs†¦Inadequate sewage treatment infrastructure and damage to wastewater and drinking water pipelines has allowed sewage water to contaminate drinking water supplies, leading to sharp increases in water borne diseases in many areas†¦Failure to control over-pumping has led to sea-water intrusion into the aquifer to the extent that, in 2003, only 10 % of the wells produced water of World Healt h Organization (WHO) drinking water standards. (Gray) For another, Israel has never â€Å"helped itself† to water â€Å"beneath Palestinian lands.† Israel obtains roughly 50 percent of its water from the Sea of Galilee and the Coastal Aquifer, both

History Of Mental Illness Health And Social Care Essay

History Of Mental Illness Health And Social Care Essay Mental illness is a general term for a group of illnesses. Mental disorders result from biological, developmental and/or psychosocial factors. A mental illness can be mild or severe, temporary or prolonged. Mental illness can come and go throughout a persons life. Some people experience their illness only once and fully recover. For others, it is prolonged and recurs over time. Mental illness can make it difficult for someone to cope with work, relationships and other aspects of their life. Definition of mental illness Mental illnesses are medical conditions that disrupt a persons thinking, feeling, mood, ability to relate to others and daily functioning. Just as diabetes is a disorder of the pancreas, mental illnesses are medical conditions that often result in a diminished capacity for coping with the ordinary demands of life. Serious mental illnesses include major depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and borderline personality disorder. The good news about mental illness is that recovery is possible. Mental illnesses can affect persons of any age, race, religion, or income. Mental illnesses are not the result of personal weakness, lack of character or poor upbringing. Mental illnesses are treatable. Most people diagnosed with a serious mental illness can experience relief from their symptoms by actively participating in an individual treatment plan. In addition to medication treatment, psychosocial treatment such as cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, peer support groups and other community services can also be components of a treatment plan and that assist with recovery. The availability of transportation, diet, exercise, sleep, friends and meaningful paid or volunteer activities contribute to overall health and wellness, including mental illness recovery. History of Mental illness Timeline 1247: Bethlehem Hospital (more frequently known as Bedlam) opens in London to house distraught and lunatik people. 1566: The New Worlds first mental hospital is established in Mexico City. 1774: The Act for Regulating Madhouses, Licensing, and Inspection is passed in England. The law forbade a persons commitment to a madhouse without a physicians certification of that individuals insanity. 1790s: A Quaker called William Turke opens the York Retreat near York, England, an asylum for the mentally ill. The Retreat favored humane treatment; physical restraints were not used and patients were comfortably housed. 1790s: French physician Phillipe Pinel begins working at the Bicentre and Salpetriere asylums where he develops traitement morale, a form of treatment that focused on the mental origins of madness. His kind treatment of his patients brought about recovery for many 1817: Quakers in Philadelphia open the first asylum in America based on the principles of moral treatment. 1841: Dorothea Dix, a schoolteacher from Cambridge Massachusetts, becomes inspired to take up the cause of the mentally ill. She travels to several states where she lobbies state legislatures to better their treatment of the mentally ill. Over thirty state mental hospitals were opened as a result of her efforts. 1867: The Packard Law passes in Illinois. Named for Eliza Packard, a woman committed against her will by her husband after a property dispute, the law required that a patients insanity be determined by a jury before he or she could be sent to an institution. 1927: The US Supreme Court rules in Buck v. Bell that the forced sterilization of defectives, including the mentally ill, is constitutional. 1954: The Durham Rule is established by the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. It states that a person accused of a crime is not responsible if the criminal act was the product of a mental disease or a mental defect. It was later rejected due to problems defining mental disease and product. 1963: Congress passes the Community Mental Health Centers Act. This leads to the closure of many large state psychiatric hospitals. 1966: Lake v. Cameron, a case of the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , declares that patients in psychiatric hospitals have the right to receive treatment in the setting that is least restrictive. 1975: US Senate holds hearings about the use of neuroleptics (antipsychotic drugs such as Thorazine) in juvenile jails and homes for the developmentally disabled. 1979: NAMI is founded. 1988: The Fair Housing Amendments Act prohibits housing discrimination against people with disabilities, including mental disabilities. 1990: The Americans with Disabilities Act is passed. It prohibits discrimination against people with physical or mental disabilities. 2004: DuPage County begins the Mental Illness Court Alternative Program (MICAP.) 2008: Congress passes the Mental Health Parity and Addictions Equity Act. It requires that any limits to insurance coverage for mental illness be no more restrictive than those for physical health issues. 2010: Williams v. Quinn, a case heard by U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, rules that Illinois residents with mental illnesses living in nursing homes and other institutions for mental diseases (IMDs) have the right to live in integrated settings in the community Types of Mental Illness There are many different conditions that are recognized as mental illnesses. The more common types include: Anxiety disorders: People with anxiety disorders respond to certain objects or situations with fear and dread, as well as with physical signs of anxiety or nervousness, such as a rapid heartbeat and sweating. An anxiety disorder is diagnosed if the persons response is not appropriate for the situation, if the person cannot control the response, or if the anxiety interferes with normal functioning. Anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobias. Mood disorders: These disorders, also called affective disorders, involve persistent feelings of sadness or periods of feeling overly happy, or fluctuations from extreme happiness to extreme sadness. The most common mood disorders are depression, mania, and bipolar disorder. Psychotic disorders: Psychotic disorders involve distorted awareness and thinking. Two of the most common symptoms of psychotic disorders are hallucinations the experience of images or sounds that are not real, such as hearing voices and delusions, which are false beliefs that the ill person accepts as true, despite evidence to the contrary. Schizophrenia is an example of a psychotic disorder. Eating disorders: Eating disorders involve extreme emotions, attitudes, and behaviors involving weight and food. Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder are the most common eating disorders. Impulse control and addiction disorders: People with impulse control disorders are unable to resist urges, or impulses, to perform acts that could be harmful to themselves or others. Pyromania (starting fires), kleptomania (stealing), and compulsive gambling are examples of impulse control disorders. Alcohol and drugs are common objects of addictions. Often, people with these disorders become so involved with the objects of their addiction that they begin to ignore responsibilities and relationships. Personality disorders: People with personality disorders have extreme and inflexible personality traits that are distressing to the person and/or cause problems in work, school, or social relationships. In addition, the persons patterns of thinking and behavior significantly differ from the expectations of society and are so rigid that they interfere with the persons normal functioning. Examples include antisocial personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, and paranoid personality disorder. Other, less common types of mental illnesses include: Recommended Related to Mental Health Adjustment disorder: Adjustment disorder occurs when a person develops emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to a stressful event or situation. The stressors may include natural disasters, such as an earthquake or tornado; events or crises, such as a car accident or the diagnosis of a major illness; or interpersonal problems, such as a divorce, death of a loved one, loss of a job, or a problem with substance abuse. Adjustment disorder usually begins within three months of the event or situation and ends within six months after the stressor stops or is eliminated. Dissociative disorders: People with these disorders suffer severe disturbances or changes in memory, consciousness, identity, and general awareness of themselves and their surroundings. These disorders usually are associated with overwhelming stress, which may be the result of traumatic events, accidents, or disasters that may be experienced or witnessed by the individual. Dissociative identity disorder, formerly called multiple personality disorder, or split personality, and depersonalization disorder are examples of dissociative disorders. Factitious disorders: Factitious disorders are conditions in which physical and/or emotional symptoms are created in order to place the individual in the role of a patient or a person in need of help. Sexual and gender disorders: These include disorders that affect sexual desire, performance, and behavior. Sexual dysfunction, gender identity disorder, and the paraphilias are examples of sexual and gender disorders. Somatoform disorders: A person with a somatoform disorder, formerly known as psychosomatic disorder, experiences physical symptoms of an illness, even though a doctor can find no medical cause for the symptoms. Tic disorders: People with tic disorders make sounds or display body movements that are repeated, quick, sudden, and/or uncontrollable. (Sounds that are made involuntarily are called vocal tics.) Tourettes syndrome is an example of a tic disorder. Other diseases or conditions, including various sleep-related problems and many forms of dementia, including Alzheimers disease, are sometimes classified as mental illnesses, because they involve the brain. Causes of Mental Illness Were aware of several different forms of mental illnesses, right from bipolar disorder to schizophrenia to compulsive disorders. How often we come across murders carried out by mentally unstable people! In fact, there are scores of famous people with bipolar disorders. Mental illnesses are especially common in the United States. Approximately 26.2 % Americans above 18 years of age are believed to suffer from mental disorders every year, thereby conducing to one of the leading causes of disabilities in the US and Canada. But what causes mental illness? Mental illness is a condition affecting the brain, that influences the way a person thinks, feels, behaves and relates to others around him or her. The symptoms of mental illness may range from mild depressive symptoms to severe behavioral problems. Genetic Factors Depression and mental illnesses are often passed on from one generation to another through the genes. This means, a person with a family history of mental illness is more vulnerable to develop a mental illness. It is believed that mental illness is associated to various abnormalities in not just one, but several genes. This is the reason why the person inherits the vulnerability to develop this illness, but does not inherit the illness itself. When such people go through horrendous situations the balance of their mind tips and they get engulfed by mental illnesses. . Physical Factors People who have landed up injuring their head several times in accidents, are seen to damage certain areas of their brain and central nervous system, that lead to mental illnesses. Trauma occurring at the time of birth can also cause damage to the brain. Moreover, disruption of early fetal brain development can also lead to conditions like autism, etc. Some biological factors such as chemical imbalance in the brain, are also associated to mental illnesses. The chemicals called neurotransmitters help nerve cells in the brain to transfer impulses, thereby facilitating communication. However, when this balance tips, messages are not transferred correctly, leading to mental illness. Diseases affecting the brain such as Huntingtons chorea, multiple sclerosis and infections like Tuberculous meningitis, Encephalitis lethargica, etc. also result in mental illnesses. Psychological Factors People who have gone through harrowing experiences in their lives like emotional, physical, sexual abuse, domestic violence or bullying are often unable to cope with their traumatic past. Sometimes, the death of a loved one, betrayal or neglect during childhood years, also mars the persons emotional state of mind. This sometimes can be the reason of mental illness of a person. Social and Environmental Factors Poverty, living in a difficult and unsafe environment like in war zones, residing in earthquake prone and other natural disaster-prone areas, living in neighborhoods plagued by gangsters, etc. can lead to mental illnesses. These people develop a constant fear that conduces to mental illness. Moreover, unhealthy environment factors at home, such as growing up in a dysfunctional family, with narcissistic parents or neglecting parents can cause the balance of the childs brain to tip. The persons appearance regarding height and weight also causes depression in certain people. Mental illnesses should be not confused with mental retardation. People with mental illnesses do not exhibit limitations in mental, cognitive and social functions. Thus, causes of mental retardation and causes of mental illnesses are obviously different. The above mentioned causes cannot be viewed in isolation. Its when two or three different factors come together, such as past abuse and present horrendous situation come together, that it often causes the mental illness. It is important to not look upon people with mental illnesses with disdain and ostracize them. What they need is unconditional love. Espouse them and help them out of their pits of depression. The symptoms of mental illness A person with a mental illness can experience problems with their thinking, emotions and/or behaviour. These changes may happen quickly, or they may be gradual and subtle. It may take time to understand and identify what is happening. Psychotic symptoms These symptoms can include: Thoughts and feelings that are out of the ordinary or difficult to understand, such as thought of being persecuted or under surveillance for which there is no proof Experiencing sensations (seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting something when there is nothing there that others can identify) Odd behaviour. Schizophrenia is a psychotic illness. Mood symptoms Some of the symptoms of a changed mood may include: Persistent and pervasive feelings of sadness, elation, anxiety, fear or irritability Changes in sleep patterns Changes in appetite Loss of interest in things that were previously enjoyable Periods of increased or decreased activity, where things may be started and not finished Difficulty thinking and concentrating Excessive worries Changes in use of alcohol and other drugs. Exact causes are unknown Many mental illnesses are thought to have a biological cause. What are the exact causes , its unknown. The relationship between stress and mental illness is complex, but it is known that stress can worsen an episode of mental illness. Treatment: Extraordinary advances have been made in the treatment of mental illness. Understanding what causes some mental health disorders helps doctors tailor treatment to those disorders. As a result, many mental health disorders can now be treated nearly as successfully as physical disorders. Psychological treatment Psychological treatments are based on the idea that some problems relating to mental illness occur because of the way people react to, think about and perceive things. They are particularly relevant to many people with anxiety disorders and depression. Psychological treatments can reduce the distress associated with symptoms and can even help reduce the symptoms themselves. These therapies may take several weeks or months to show benefits. Different psychological therapies used in the treatment of mental illness include: Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) examines how a persons thoughts, feelings and behaviour can get stuck in unhelpful patterns. The person and therapist work together to develop new ways of thinking and acting. Therapy usually includes tasks to perform outside the therapy sessions. CBT may be useful in the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders and psychotic disorders such as bipolar and schizophrenia. Interpersonal psychotherapy examines how a persons relationships and interactions with others affect their own thoughts and behaviours. Difficult relationships may cause stress for a person with a mental illness and improving these relationships may improve a persons quality of life. This therapy may be useful in the treatment of depression. Dialectical behaviour therapy is a treatment for people with borderline personality disorder (BPD). A key problem for people with BPD is handling emotions. This therapy helps people to better manage their emotions and responses. Treatment with medication Medications are mainly helpful for people who are more seriously affected by mental illness. Different types of medication treat different types of mental illness: Antidepressant medications about 60 to 70 per cent of people with depression respond to initial antidepressant treatment. These medications are now also used (in combination with psychological therapies) to treat phobias, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder and eating disorders. Antipsychotic medications are used to treat psychotic illnesses, for example schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Newer antipsychotic medications may have some side effects, but tend to have fewer of the effects that were associated with the older medications, for example stiffening and weakening of the muscles and muscle spasms. Mood stabilising medications are helpful for people who have bipolar disorder (previously known as manic depression). These medications, such as lithium carbonate, can help reduce the recurrence of major depression and can help reduce the manic or high episodes. Other forms of treatment Effective treatment involves more than medications. Treatment may also involve: Community support including information, accommodation, help with finding suitable work, training and education, psychosocial rehabilitation and mutual support groups. Understanding and acceptance by the community is very important. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) this treatment can be a highly effective treatment for severe depression and, sometimes, for other diagnoses when other treatments have not been effective. After the person is given a general anaesthetic and muscle relaxant, an electrical current is passed through their brain. Hospitalisation this only occurs when a person is acutely ill and needs intensive treatment for a short time. It is considered better for a persons mental health to treat them in the community, in their familiar surroundings. Involuntary treatment this can occur when the psychiatrist recommends someone needs treatment but the person doesnt agree. In general, people receive involuntary treatment to ensure their own safety or that of others. Mental illness in Pakistan: Mental health in Pakistan has remained a subject of debate since the last few years. The incidence and prevalence have both increased tremendously in the background of growing insecurity, terrorism, economical problems, political uncertainty, unemployment and disruption of the social fabric. 1 Sinking below poverty line by almost 39% of the individuals is an alarming factor worth noting. Many people are now presenting to psychiatrists probably because of the growing awareness through the good work of media. Though there are many things which can be done to improve the mental health of the people in the areas of social environment, economic improvement and political harmony etc. but the important subject for debate is that, how far we are in the areas of education, service and research related to mental health having direct impact on the patient population. From 1947 to 2005, almost 58 years have passed since the independence of the country and many countries with this age have done w onders in overall upkeep of health care and specially the mental health. The scenario though is improving, but is it at the required pace? If we first take the area of education by virtue of which we train our future doctors who in turn can become navigators helping us in sailing smoothly through the heavy storm of up surging mental illnesses, we find lacunas which are evident when it comes to ultimate care of patients. With the exception of very few institutions, the subject of behavioral sciences which has been introduced by the PMDC in the early years of medical teaching is not being taken serious enough, low number of behavioral scientists cannot alone be blamed for this, there are no structured rotation programmes for senior medical students which means a calendar indicating topics, patient sessions, log book and evaluation strategy with weightage in the final year marking system. Low interest by students in the subject of psychiatry despite few institutions model teaching/trai ning programme is understandable in view of no separate paper in psychiatry and very low representation in the paper and clinico-orals of the subject of General Medicine. Regarding the departments, are we fulfilling the international requirements of a good department of psychiatry with full-fledged faculty in all hierarchies? The answer is simply no. Regarding the postgraduate education, how many recognized centers follow structured programmes emphasizing adequate patient exposure, ongoing continuing medical education programmes, research, exposure to subspecialties like, child, geriatric, forensic and rehabilitation psychiatry etc., is there a rural exposure, is there training in cultural issues, is there emphasis on liaison service and multidisciplinary team approach, is there a standard methodology for continuous monitoring and evaluation with resultant weightage in postgraduate exit examinations, is there training in audit and psychiatric administration, the answers to most of t hese questions will remain unanswered nationally. It is precautionary not to say a word about the selection criteria of evaluators and examiners lest it is not politically biased and motivated. It is also worth noting that during postgraduate training how many of the prospective specialists are monitored and assessed for culturally relevant mental state examination, adequate case note management, observation of prescribing practices and its justification, communication skills etc. Once certified, there is no provision of higher specialist training for a period of at least three years on the pattern of UK with evaluation of practice-based efficiency, infact, the UK model is worth adopting. 2 There is no trend for CME credit maintenance and hence no programme specifically designed for psychiatrists though there are many such programmes for the general practitioners of course with no condition of maintaining credit certification, this is mostly prompted by the pharmaceutical companies with a view of improving sale as evidence has shown that the knowledge of even most common disorder depression was not adequate among general practitioners. When we come to service, though the major teaching hospitals have established separate departments of psychiatry but in most of the cases they are not well equipped specially in terms of psychiatric manpower both skill and number wise. Still Pakistan has very low number of psychiatrists and these too are continuously being drained by the developed countries especially by the western world where they are being offered an attractive package and lifestyle that the question remains as to who comes back and serves the nation. 4 It is not surprising that there are a large number of Pakistani psychiatrists in United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand apart from those in Middle East, Africa and South East Asia. It seems that soon we shall become a psychiatrists exporting region like our neighbour India thus causing further deepening of the problem related to the already existing scarcity of psychiatrists. 5 Also, at the same time it is vitally important to abolish the feudal psychiatry which fortunately is being eroded by young generation of psychiatrists. There is also acute shortage of allied mental health professionals. In view of poverty, low health budget, high cost of medicines there is huge economic burden on the patients. 6 The hospitals also dont follow the intake/admission criteria, no separate unit for subspecialties, no appropriate long stay units, no exit/discharge criteria, no rehabilitation services, no exchange of information between psychiatrists and family practitioners, no proper advertisement of available services, no concept of day centers, day hospitals, ill developed community services, no central registry of patients and set policy for management systems in the psychiatric set ups and finally no internal referral system. As far as research is conc erned, there is still low representation in local accredited journals and very low in international journals. 7 Though there has been an increase in lay and scientific write-ups recently but it is still far from satisfactory state. Papers are produced for promotions and that too are for the sake of papers, matter of keeping up standards are ignored. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry published regularly from Lahore once upon a time disappeared eventually. The first journal of Pakistan Psychiatric Society called JPPS was published in the year 2003, which was blocked politically and was not reproduced again. . It appears that still we are far behind in achieving the standards and in order to improve the existing scenario some steps are essential. In order to bring improvement in psychiatric education, it is important to pay emphasis on the subject of behavioral sciences, design an appropriate undergraduate training program in line with one of the international modules, inculcation of research interest among medical students, either introduction of a separate paper of psychiatry or at least 25% of weightage in the paper of medicine, at postgraduate level more structured training program with exposure to subspecialties, designing a postgraduate curriculum and module, introduction of audit of training and performance, provision of higher specialist training at the level of specialist registrar, private-public partnership in provision of services, mobilization of more resources for mental health and maintaining of records. There is a need for development of research culture especially in the a reas of need assessment is also necessary. Along with these efforts the medical fraternity can force the government to allocate a higher budget, reduce poverty, bring social justice and harmony, improving political scenario. It is also advisable to create better incentives for the mental health professionals in order to avert brain drain. Efforts for providing a conducive environment to the public to help in promoting sound mental as well as physical health are imperative. Literature Review Anxiety and depressive disorders are common in all regions of the world. 1 They constitute a substantial proportion of the global burden of disease, and are projected to form the second most common cause of disability by 2020.2 This increased importance of non-communicable diseases such as anxiety and depressive disorders presents a particular challenge for low income countries, where infectious diseases and malnutrition are still rife and where only a low percentage of gross domestic product is allocated to health services.3 These disorders are also important because of their economic consequences. 4 With an estimated population of 152 million, Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world. It is projected that, by 2050, the population will have increased to make it the fourth most populous country.5 There is a need to develop an evidence base to aid policy development on tackling anxiety and depressive disorders. We therefore conducted a systematic review as no such work existed to our knowledge. Our main questions were (a) what the estimated prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders is in Pakistan and how this compares with estimates from other low income countries; (b) what the associated social, psychological, and biological factors are; and (c) what evidence exists for effectiveness of treatment or prevention in this population. Prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders the prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders estimated in the studies. The overall mean prevalence in men and women in the six studies of random community samples (n = 2658) was 33.62%, with the point prevalence varying from 28.8% to 66% for women (overall mean 45.5%) and from 10% to 33% for men (overall mean 21.7%). Women aged 15-49 were studied in a paper with 28.8% prevalence, while young men with a mean age of 18 participated in a study reporting 33% prevalence. Only one study reported adjusted prevalence with 95% confidence intervals. For those presenting to traditional or faith healers (n = 511), the prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders among men varied from 2.65% to 27%, and among women from 11.5 % to 52%. Three studies looked at total psychiatric morbidity in primary care (n = 774). One described women in a rural area, with a prevalence of 50%, while another described 18% prevalence for men and 42.2% for women in an urban area. The third study, with a prevalence of 38.4%, did not specify participants sex. Of those presenting to psychiatric outpatients (n = 2430), the prevalence varied between 32% and 66.3%. There were two studies on psychiatric inpatients, one reported a prevalence of depressive illness of 37% (n = 2620), while the other reported 19.1% (n = 177). Comparison with other low income countries Using stringent criteria, Harding et al reported an overall frequency of anxiety and depression of 13.9% in four developing countries.9 Community studies from Africa have reported prevalences of 24% in rural Uganda and 20%-24% in rural South Africa. Among patients attending primary care, the prevalence varied from 8% to 29%. Patients attending primary care in India showed prevalences between 21% and 57%. In relation to risk factors, Abas and Broadhead found a significant association with formal employment, below average income, overcrowding, and certificate of secondary education in urban Zimbabwe.In the same study, they also found a significant association with humiliation or entrapment and with death or other l