Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict

Introduction From the beginning of the 1988 a conflict lasts between the South Caucasian nations of Azerbaijan and Armenia over the ownership area of Nagorno-Karabakh. The conflict has resulted in a considerable crisis especially in Azerbaijan, with the number of dislocated refugees close to approximately one million. As a result of the war over the NK region with Armenia, Azerbaijan has lost the entire NK region and 7 more surrounding districts of Lachin, Kelbajar, Agdam, Gabrail, Fizuli, Khubadly and Zangilan to Armenia. So Azerbaijan’s territories are occupied and lost fourteen percent of the territory. The conflict is considered as an internal conflict by the major powers and international organizations. As known, from the beginning of 1988 the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh had an intra-state dimension which means the struggle for independence of Nagorno-Karabakh where are populated Armenian population. But since the beginning of 1922 the conflict possesses an inter-state dimension between two sovereign states: Azerbaijan and Armenia. So the conflict has become one of the most intractable disputes in the international arena and it is also the conflict of the region which has the largest geopolitical significance. So Azerbaijan and Armenia, as the two former Soviet Republics fought over the NK region from 1987 to 1994 in the forms of first communal clashes. Despite the fact that both states agreed on a cease-fire on the conflict in May 1994, the outcomes of the war are political turmoil, territorial losses and mass displacements. Though two sides recognized and ceased-fire armed force, but nevertheless conflict or confrontations existing in the form of diplomatic relations and by other ties relations. Problem and Significance The problem of this conflict lies under the disagreement of belligerents: Armenia and Azerbaijan. Especially, on the side of Armenian which occupied over the enclave land and doesn’t want recognize any resolution are contested and suggested by organizations. Here, one of the problems is influence of external powers which can support its side and made financial and military aid. Also here another problem is the refugees’ problem from both sides to the conflict and their integration into society. To this day, discussion of the problem of refugees has focused exclusively on Azeris from Karabakh or Armenia, with no serious mention of Armenian refugees from Azerbaijan. A comprehensive and fair solution to the refugee problem, consistent with the most basic international human rights standards, will treat all individuals that qualify as refugees independent of their national identity or current location of residence. But in case of significance, the main issue is the security issue which is so fragile. Because Caucasus states are located nearby Europe, Central Asia, Russia and Islamic states in which there are sufficient problems. It is so fragile because the conflict can effect to the neighbor states. This long-lasting problem must be provided by international organizations which peace-making process is going now and for future keeping safeness or security to the neighbors and for their sovereignty status. And this status must be resolve or guaranteed. Literature Review. The Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict over the Nagorno-Karabakh (NK) region of Azerbaijan, which in its modern form has continued for 20 years, is a complicated case study of multi-vector and multi-layered claims, mostly from the Soviet times, ranging from history, economy, and legal status, used to justify the military occupation (along with seven adjacent regions). The article illustrates that some of the weaker claims were dropped altogether, whilst others were continually mixed with additional charges to make them â€Å"stick†. Despite solid legal, historic and moral grounds, Azerbaijan has been lagging in clarifying and explaining the fictitious charges of NK’s supposed transfer to Azerbaijan’s suzerainty in 1920s, the legal status of NK itself, its economic and financial well-being, and the impossibility to apply the 3 April 1990 Soviet Law on Succession to the NK case whether for the purposes of justifying its independence or attachment to Armenia. Despite all the challenges and blame shared by all sides, NK and adjacent currently occupied territories are recognized as part of Azerbaijan, with the latter retaining all rights, including military, to return it under its full sovereignty. So, there are many scholars that wrote articles about Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. I want to mention some famous scholars’ articles. Philip Gamaghelyan wrote article about â€Å"Intractability of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: A myth or a reality? He provides a stakeholder analysis and examines political, economic, security and socio-cultural dynamics of the conflict. Distinguishing between the positions and the interests of the main actors, the paper evaluates the peace process, reveals the factors accounting for its continuing failure and develops recommendations on how the conflict can be resolved. This article is intended to call in question the myth of the intractability of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Philip Gamaghelyan: â€Å"The ‘intractability’ of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict is not attributable to the lack of vitality of a particular solution†. He also argues that any agreement that establishes a definite solution would require some concessions would dissatisfy one or both parties and would produce powerful ‘spoilers’ that could sabotage the peace process. Therefore it is necessary not to look for a fast solution, but to develop a long-term strategy of addressing underlying issues of the conflict such as mutual perceptions, security issues and democracy. In our opinion, the ‘intractability’ of the conflict in this article largely originates from the desire of parties to have a sense of the final status of the region, before addressing the underlying problems. I suggest that if this approach is reversed, all other issues are resolved, and an acceptable level of stability and cooperation in the region is achieved, the final status of Nagorno-Karabakh will become less significant, which will make it easier for parties to come to a compromise. Next article â€Å"Democratization as the key to Nagorno-Karabakh conflict resolution† was written by Tigran Mkrtchyan. Tigran Mkrtchyan: â€Å"Theoretically the risks of war or re-emergence of war are reduced by democratization and exacerbated by reversals in the democratization process, but rapid democratization which was the case after the collapse of the Soviet Union may bring weak regimes unable to establish effective control and political order† He mention these questions in his article â€Å"What can democratization give? Can it reach the peace? †. And also he mention â€Å"Political change or democratization can take many different forms and need not proceed in a unidirectional or linear fashion. The significance is that there be steady movement towards democracy in a given state. Changes toward autocracy and reversals of democratization are accompanied by increased risks of war involvement. Reversals are riskier than progress†. At issue therefore is not the rapidity of change toward democracy but the linearity of the process. Also the elections are indeed the first test of democratization, but by fair and transparent elections only one does not build a democratic society. So the ‘dangerous democratization hypothesis’ has suggested that emergent democracies may be quite prone to international violence, largely because of â€Å"deformed† institutional forces. The conflict is an obstacle to democratization, the solution of the war in the long run also rests with democratization. Democratization or â€Å"mature democracies† do not wage wars against each other. The democratization tendencies in the Soviet Union made many ethnic-nationalist conflicts within its space because the democratization was incomplete and political institutions weak. So, he think in order to have complete democratization they need to consolidate their internal institutions and elect or choose a good leader. Last article that I want to mention is â€Å"Nagorno-Karabakh: basis and reality of Soviet-era legal and economic claims used to justify the Armenia-Azerbaijan war† written by Adil Baguirov. In his article he maintain that regarding the early claims that the economy of NK region was supposedly deliberately neglected by Soviet Azerbaijani authorities, to both â€Å"punish† and â€Å"root out† Armenians, and this, allegedly, left no choice than for Armenian separatism and military action. Ironically, this argument did not stand the test of time and has been disproved by the fact, that the economic situation of the remaining Armenians in the occupied territories today is hardly better than it was before the war. This is not only the consensus of foreign journalists visiting the occupied territories, but also of the OSCE fact-finding mission in February 2005 – he argues such like this in his article. Hypothesis. Russian’s support to Armenia led to occupation 20% of territories of Azerbaijan. Hence we understand that Russia totally support Armenian Governments and it is a one of the cause unresolved long – lasting conflict. Russia behind of this conflict as known obviously wants to keep influence to Caucasus states especially to Armenia, despite of other major powers in international arena. Subjects of study. In our work we are studying – Russian role in the conflict and its support for Armenia, consequences of the war, possible ways of resolving. To find out the ways of resolving and to determine the right side we also use UN Charter and International Law. Exactly we will look at the International Laws branches – sovereignty of the state, self-defense right and self-determination right. Measurement. As â€Å"Russian support† we mean military, economic and political support of Russia to Armenia and its pressure for the Azerbaijan government. Another term is â€Å"Self-determination right† – means right for determining of their future, political system, sovereignty and etc by groups, nations, and autonomies. â€Å"Self-defense right† – the right for declaring a war for the other state in situation when it attacked first or preparing to attack. References: †¢ Philip Gamaghelyan: â€Å"Intractability of the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: a myth or reality? † †¢ Shahen Avakian: â€Å"Nagono-Karabakh, Legal Aspects†. †¢ www. flashpoints. info Nagorno-Karabakh: Azebaijani and Armenian perspectives. †¢ Tigran Mkrtchyan: â€Å"Democratization as the key to Nagorno-Karabakh conflict resolution† †¢ www. wikipedia. org Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict †¢ Nora Dudwick, â€Å"Armenia: Paradise Regained or Lost? † in Ian Bremmer & Ray Taras (Ed. ), New States, New Politics: Building the Post-Soviet Nations, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 84; †¢ George Joffe, â€Å"Nationalities and Borders in Transcaucasia and the North Caucasus,† in John F. R. Wright, Suzanne Goldenberg and Richard Schofield (Ed. ), Transcaucasian Boundaries, (London: UCL Press, 1996), p. 25 †¢ Adil Baguirov: â€Å"Nagorno-Karabakh: basis and reality of Soviet-era legal and economic cl aims used to justify the Armenia-Azerbaijan war† †¢ Turkish Weekly Journal:† Nagorno-Karabakh Problem: Claims, Counter Claims and Impasse† by Guner Ozkan

The Indisputable Reality About 5th Grade Essay Samples with Green, Yellow and Red That Nobody Is Telling You

The Indisputable Reality About 5th Grade Essay Samples with Green, Yellow and Red That Nobody Is Telling You The very first step a family must take to control their weight is to immediately begin keeping track of what it is that they eat and drink daily. In the event you were at our home, you would. This room has the most coveted table in the area. The very first room, through the door, is the major portion of the restaurant. Peppers are susceptible to a variety of viruses that could limit fruit size. You cannot differentiate the sweet bell peppers varieties when they're still young because they're all green. For that reason, it's important to remember that all the bell peppers come from the very same species of plant, and their different colors are achieved by abiding by a pure procedure, not by any artificial method. Yellow peppers are just in the center of the spectrum in regards to ripeness (though some varieties stay yellow when fully mature). At harvest the majority of the damaged fruit are left in the area. In general there's no distinctive number of bell pepper that could be recognized in the market place. These foods and beverages ought to be considered a treat and ought to be limited to just a couple daily. The very first fruit set is generally the crown set at the very first branch of the stem. Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for 5th Grade Essay Samples with Green, Yellow and Red Essay plans instantly offer an essay structure, they stop you from forgetting to incorporate any critical points, and they keep you from losing your way as you write. This calendar year, your youngster's informative writing gets more organized think formatting (such as headers) and illustrations and possibly even multimedia components to support certain points all in an effort to produce your kid's writing more clear. Before your teen starts writing an essay they need to make a fast plan of what it is that they're likely to write about. Discuss why those paragraphs appear to do the job. The second sentence gives vivid details to produce the reader feel like he's there. Then now is the time to read the whole paragraph. At length, spend some time speaking about a superior means to close, or end, this paragraph. Finding a hold of previous exams and using them to practise is a remarkable idea. Several pages, printed on only 1 side, should be taken out of the book and used for activities. Cannot be utilized in conjunction with other promotional codes. Click the image to look at this self assessment example. Bad foliage cover permits the defect to occur. Now you are aware that temperature can impact the density of water. You may know about the cone of uncertainty. The cone of uncertainty tells us that you cannot completely understand each of the tasks and possible issues within a project, at the start of a project. Starting now, taking notes are going to be a mainstay of your youngster's education. Everybo dy is making better food choices and the kids finally have an effortless approach to think and speak about nutrition. If you wish to assess, start looking for full and fair responses. Be certain that it will supply you with nice and fresh mood every single day. The usage of color in that movie, together with literature, is a means to add symbolism to any work. It is a terrific concept for kids, since they love it when they have a choice,'' she states. You will also have to purchase or borrow novels that are used for the majority of the courses. It's a good idea to consider characters who play a dynamic part in the story. Assessment You might introduce a rubric that students may utilize to verify they did the work. It's wonderful to understand that giving feedback and grading your students isn't the only approach to assess students. If you tell your students it does not count for a grade, explain that they need to choose the assessment seriously. Students could possibly b e attempting to write about something they do not actually know very well. The second characteristic of writing that might cause trouble for student writers is language. For those who have test taking strategies that help your students to be successful, please don't hesitate to share them below. If students do very well on the pre-assessment, it's important to stress there are many different words that they'll still learn, and they will have the chance to become experts on the words they already know. When they are learning to write, there are several aspects of the process that may present difficulty. The fruit may appear unattractive once the color change takes a very long moment. If you look at the image above, you are going to get what I mean. Utilize Adobe's color wheel to discover the complementary color just spin the wheel till you find the color you're looking for, and its complement is going to be on the opposing side. Green could be utilised to describe somebody who is young and inexperienced.

Manifest Destiny and Race - 4652 Words

Laurence Mandin Professor Charles Turner M.A. J.D. History 18 25 March 2011 Midterm Question #1 part 2: What impact did the English view of race have on American society? (Worth 50 points) note: I felt it was more logical for my purposes to place part 2 first. The English view of race developed directly from their perceptions of themselves, from the ideas of their own racial origins, their own ethnocentricity. This perception became a concept that had its roots in 16th and 17th Century England. It involved their ancestry to the peoples of England prior to the Norman Conquest of 1066, and further back to the Nordic and Germanic peoples of ancient, continental Europe. It didn’t start here; their Caucasian ancestry was believed to have†¦show more content†¦This vanguard of â€Å"chosen people† would see their noble sentiments of self-government tainted by a legacy of racial superiority that would contribute to the near extinction of Native Americans, the brutal subjugation of African peoples, and a history of racial bigotry and strife. These entrenched racial attitudes would reach a pinnacle in the first half of 19th Century America (Horsman intro), culminating in the Civil War of 1861: one of the bloodiest wars in worl d history—it left 600,000 Americans dead, white and black. That catastrophic conflict ended 150 years ago—and we still have not seen the end of the terrible manifestation of Anglo-American racism. Midterm Question #1 part 1: Race and ethnicity have played major roles in American social history. How do these constructs relate to an explanation of what it means to be an American? The description of Africa as the dark mysterious continent is a description that can also be applied to her continental sisters sharing similar latitudes in the Western Hemisphere, the areas now known as Latin America. These continents, as well as large parts of vast Asia, seem to be areas of the earth where many dark complected peoples reside. Ironically these areas of â€Å"mystery and darkness† receive the most light from our sun, causing the evolution of a protective coloring in the outer covering of the human body. WithoutShow MoreRelatedReginald Horsman’s Race and Manifest Destiny Essay1958 Words   |  8 Pages Reginald Horsman’s Race and Manifest Destiny: The Orgins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism explores the evidence and reasons of racial prejudices in America and discusses one of the most controversial topics in American history. The book also navigates the subjects of white superiority, and the creation of Anglo-Saxonism. Manifest Destiny was the belief that the UnitedRead MoreManifest Destiny Research Paper :1382 Words   |  6 Pages2014 Manifest Destiny Research Paper: The 1840’S were years of unprecedented growth for United States; in a mere four years, the national domain more than doubled with an additional 1.2 million miles being added to the country. (PBS) This was due to a movement called Manifest Destiny that suggested that the United States was â€Å"destined† to stretch from coast, sea to shining sea, uninterrupted by anything or anyone. (History.com) However, complex and underlying motives guided Manifest Destiny advocatesRead MoreJohn O Sullivan s Manifest Destiny938 Words   |  4 Pagesname to this belief in 1839: Manifest destiny. Manifest Destiny resulted through misguided beliefs of predestination and white superiority, in which white men, despite opposition, forced their way to the west coast of America. 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Takaki’s work allows me to become aware of the history and the outcomes of manifest destiny and the Master Narrative. Some of the behavior, perspectives, and experiences present in the multicultural history of the United States are: manifest destiny, master narrative, education, laborRead MoreThere Were Different Researches Done To Show What Caused1059 Words   |  5 Pagescaused the Mexican War. Some say America and others say Mexico themselves. There has been some insight by Ramà ³n Eduardo Ruiz, David J. Weber, Rodolfo Acuà ±a, and Walter Nugent. From Ramà ³n Eduardo Ruiz’s article, there are mentions of the Manifest Destiny. Manifest Destiny played a role in the New World and in Mexico. In â€Å"’From Hell Itself’ The Americanization of Mexico’s Frontier† by David J. Weber, talks about the issues within Mexico that caused them to lose so much of their territory. From RodolfoRead MoreManifest Destiny : Ugly Truth Behind Pretty Lies887 Words   |  4 Pages Manifest Destiny: Ugly Truth Behind Pretty Lies? The point of view upon Manifest Destiny that I found most convincing and close to my own interpretation was â€Å"Manifest Destiny as an expression of white superiority is but one explanation for what became a clear rise of anti-Mexican sentiments in the 1850s†. This perspective to me seemed to be the only one that did not skirt around what seemed to be the logical truth and explanations for why Manifest Destiny took place: for the prospects they were

Problems Of Bullying In Schools - 1631 Words

Bullying in the school system can be handled appropriately if action is taken immediately. In order for this problem to be solved, students who are being bullies to other students need to go to an alternative school for a few weeks and then find a support group to go to once or twice a week to help them deal with their anger/emotions. It will make the child’s life manageable and will prevent them from potentially harming another students’ life. According to Horne, Stoddard, and Bell (2007), â€Å"Recognizing that bullying and aggression result in negative academic, emotional, and behavioral consequences, a number of programs have been developed in the last century to address the problem of bullying and aggression in schools† (pg. 264). This†¦show more content†¦268). The authors then state that students learn different techniques to control their aggressive behavior while they are in their groups. This evidence is relevant because it explains what t hese groups consist of and how they will be effective in helping students. This type of solution would not have a cost to it since this is something that schools are already doing today. The practicality of parents’ coming and discussing this situation that involves their child could either happen or not depending on their every day schedule unless they found an appropriate time that would work for them. It is cost effective because this is already a part of the principal’s duties. One way that could increase the practicality of this happening is that teachers and faculty could sign a petition to follow through with this idea and then if more time is spent on it, then their salaries could be raised. The principal would be the first person that would oversee this solution since they are the higher authority of the school system. According to Cross and Barnes (2014), â€Å"Key patterns of behavior are seen to emerge within the family context, with family members influencing and reacting to each other in complex ways, which may then influence th eir behavior beyond the family circle† (p. 294). The authors then explain that family influences can impact children and that their behavior ofShow MoreRelatedBullying Is A Problem For School1318 Words   |  6 PagesBullying has been a problem for schools for a long time and has continued to be so. It has increased dramatically, taking everything that happens at school and moving it to the Internet. Pre-teens and teens are the most likely victims because they do not fit in a certain group or the bully just wants to show them that they are better than anyone else. While, the school focuses on only the academic part of the students and not the social, they cause students to build barriers between everyone in orderRead MoreBullying At School Is A Big Problem1977 Words   |  8 PagesBullying Epidemic Bullying at school is a big problem that is found in all the schools in the United States and across the world. Since the late 1990s there have been several fatal school shootings committed by victims of bullying that have brought bullying major media attention. This has resulted in an increase of awareness about the harmful effects on the kids being bullied as well as the bullies themselves. This has brought a large amount of local, state, and nationwide programs designed toRead MoreAddressing the Problem of Bullying in Schools Essay885 Words   |  4 Pageswidespread problem of bullying, especially in schools, and that bullying is identified as a serious problem that merits intervention and research (Coy). 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Another form of cyberbullying is impersonation, in which cyber-bullies pretend to beRead MoreBullying Has Been A Big Problem In Our School System For1745 Words   |  7 PagesBullying has been a big problem in our school system for many years, but it has escalated over the past decade due to the new era of modern technology. Unanimously, we can agree that our daily lives greatly depend on technologies; the internet, cellphones, computers, tablets, IPad etc. Although the uses of technology positively impacted our lives, there is also the downside when it uses have negative connotations. 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Native North Americans Journal Entry of a Subordinate Group Free Essays

One often wonders where the Native North Americans originated from. Some theories have been discussed about the peopling of the Americas. Early theories involving lost tribes and continents were based purely on speculation instead of actual scientific facts. We will write a custom essay sample on Native North Americans: Journal Entry of a Subordinate Group or any similar topic only for you Order Now Discoveries made during many archeological expeditions have helped shape the always changing interpretations by adding more questions and more theories. There have been genetic and linguistic studies which raised more understanding and brought new questions. It is theorized that during the latter part of the Cenozoic era, also known as the age of mammals that the Wisconsin glaciation caused enough of the planet’s water supply to turn into ice. This lowered the oceans and exposed now submerged land. This event created a stretch of land that the large mammals of the Ice Age era, along with the natives of that era, could very well have migrated across the newly formed land bridge, which now connected two continents. This land bridge is known as the Bering Strait, or Beringia. During the time that Beringia existed, the Wisconsin glaciers most likely prohibited migration to any southern or eastern regions. Another theory suggests that the early natives may have inhabited the now Alaskan region because it was ice-free due to low precipitation. Several melts over a period of time created passageways, and evidence from archeological site implies that there was an ice-free corridor for thousands of years. It was during another melt approximately ten thousand years ago, that a second corridor was most likely formed farther east along the borders of Saskatchewan and Canada plains. This points to the possibility that the ancient people could have traveled eastward along the rivers in the Great Plains, and down further south. The Indians known to history as the Sioux are also known as Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota, meaning allies. This is my heritage. I am a member of the largest division of Siouan family, otherwise known as Sioux. The name is from a term given to the largest and well- known of the tribal groups. At one time, my people stretched from the west banks of the Mississippi northward from Arkansas and the Rocky Mountains. The Dakotas also inhabited territory east of the river up to Wisconsin and Missouri. They were here to encounter DeSoto on his journey in 1541, when he reached the Indian villages in what is now eastern Arkansas. Another hundred years passed before any mention of Sioux existing, when in 1658 some Jesuit missionaries heard of the existence of about thirty Dakota villages just north of a Potawatomi mission. This was located at about the head of Green Bay, Wisconsin, in St. Michael. It was during the middle 1600’s when the Sioux, along with the Arapaho and Cheyenne had to migrate further westward towards the Great Plains to what is known as North Dakota, Minnesota, and South Dakota. This migration was mainly due to the O jibwa and Chippewa tribes pushing them out of the Great Lakes region. The Ojibwa and Chippewa had been pushed out of their own land that had been further east, by the European settlers of that time. In 1805 Lewis and Clark passed through the center of this region and made contact with the Sioux tribes. After this took place, several more expeditions brought traders that settled among the tribes, and in the course of some time, permanent settlers arrived. This made the area so small that eventually the people of my tribe were forced to live in Indian Territories or confined to Nebraska, the Dakotas, or Montana. This brought on a series of raids and counter raids that lasted from roughly 1850 through 1890 and were known as the Sioux Wars. In the first years of the twentieth century, the Dakotas also known as Tetons began the process of adapting to their new way of life. They still had strong faith in their own traditions, but realized that the old way was gone forever. Numerous changes with the economy and politics were forced on my people by the government. The people strived to establish a life for themselves that used both new changes, but still remained true to their values and beliefs. During the rest of the twentieth century, all of the reservations for the Dakotas, Lakotas, and Tetons lost more land due to ownership passes and inheritances. Division between rural dwellers and people who live in town have grown bigger. Rural residents tend to retain their use of native language, and be involved in cultural events, when townspeople adapt other aspects of the American culture. Most of the Sioux nation and other groups of American Indians live in South Dakota, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and North Dakota at present time on privatized land created by the government many years ago. Wendy Coghill How to cite Native North Americans: Journal Entry of a Subordinate Group, Papers

Descriptive Essay free essay sample

In a southern Oklahoma there is a large lake full of fish. In this place, on many warm summer days, my family and I would bring our boat to the lake and ride the cool calm water. We would anchor our boat and cast our rods and relax catching countless sparkling rainbow trout. My family and I did this for many years. The lake was large and always full of people, and it was surrounded by trees and full of fish. The smells were great, as well as the campfires and food, and it was always a good getaway from the city I spent many of my childhood summers and holidays here. It was a family past time. I got excited every time my dad would pull in the driveway with the boat. After sitting for several hours in the back seat of the car, I found the slow drove to be absolute torture. The first indication that Callum is not entirely happy with his life is when he shares his thoughts with Sephy that he would like to escape but bitterly says that the whole world is like the place he is in now. Sephy does not realise what he means but Callum says, â€Å"You’re on the inside, Sephy. I’m not. † This quote shows how Callum feels some Resentment towards the crosses (dark-skinned people). At this point the main reason is the fact that he; a nought (white skin) who previously went to a nought-only school that have a lack of resources and funding, has managed to pass the entrance exam to a previously cross-only school but has to join what he calls â€Å"the baby class. † This is because everyone in the class is at least a year younger than him and he feels frustrated over the amount of discrimination that he receives for being white skinned. This leads to Callum telling Sephy that he feels they are in different places and Callum says â€Å"us noughts are in one place and you crosses are in another with a huge, great wall between us. † The emphasis on the ‘us’ and the ‘you’ illustrates how significant having different skin colour makes in the book. It shows that the two friends will face problems just for being such good friends with members of the opposite skin colour. The idea of Crosses and Noughts mixing seems a bad idea to most of the World that Callum and Sephy live in. Various characters in the book try to stop Sephy and Callum being friends. The pair’s parents both have a very negative attitude to members of the opposite race. For example Callum’s Mum’s view on Callum going to a school run by ‘crosses’ is that Noughts should not mix with crosses and that mixing â€Å"doesn’t work† Most of the teachers at the School don’t believe that they should Mix and Sephy gets into trouble for sitting with Noughts at Lunch break. These people don’t understand why Callum and Sephy are friends and like society today sometimes let prejudices cloud their judgement. For Sephy and Callum’s relationship to work they have to try and ignore what other people say and think. Times often prove very difficult for the pair though and Sephy gets Beaten up after sitting with Callum and the other whites in the food hall. Her schoolmates tell her, â€Å"stick to your own kind†, and that ‘’none of them are keen to make friends with soap and water†. This tells us how the white people are perceived. It shows us the kinds of thing people thought and still think Sephy and Callum are eventually driven apart although they still really love each other. The rest of the world does their best to split them up and to hurt them as much as they can.

Sports Memorabilia A True Hobby Essays - Ephemera, Collecting

Sports Memorabilia a True Hobby As he stepped up to the plate, he dug his right back foot into the dirt getting a firm stance. Little did he know that the ball given to the umpire before the game which cost just nine dollars and now coming at him was going to be worth a little over 2.7 million dollars in seconds. Mark McGwire is truly a reason why a person can make money, gain notoriety and have fun while collecting memorabilia. Making money through regular jobs is one thing, making money by collecting sports memorabilia is entirely another. If one wants to make money collecting sports memorabilia, one has to be patient because collecting memorabilia is not a get-rich-quick scheme. Two main reasons why the value of sports memorabilia increases are the passage of time and the achievements of the athletes. One way to get these items before they increase in value is to attend free autograph signing sessions. Another way for one to make money is to write to an athlete and get something signed for free, then turn around and sell it. One example of this is Vince DeAngello who started this process when only a kid and now owns a very successful sports memorabilia shop. I have personally received memorabilia through letters to athletes; I have seen their value rise, then I have sold them to a sports memorabilia shop for a profit. One of the easiest ways to make money by collecting memorabilia is to follow rookies and get as much signed by them as you can. This is very convenient because rookies do not usually charge for their signatures. Also, as a first year player, rookies are more eager to sign autographs so they can make a favorable first impression. Not only can one make money by collecting sports memorabilia but one can also be seen as a hero in the eyes of the public. By collecting memorabilia, one can gain public recognition also. For example, the person who bought Mark McGwire's seventieth homerun ball for $2.7 million certainly gained public recognition. Anyone who donates a piece of his or her collection of memorabilia to a sports hall of fame such as the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York, will receive a great deal of public acclaim. Such recognition was given to the Rotary club who last year donated George Brett's pine tar bat to the Rockhurst Spectacular. The retired Royals reliever Jeff Montgomery is also known as a great benefactor to many charitable organizations. Considered a hero to many young children, Cal Ripken Jr. is known for his willingness to sign as many autographs as are requested both before and after games. Some people gain public notoriety by having memorabilia within their homes or business . I have gained a personal reputation for the amount of memorabilia I have in my house. Former baseball star Danny Jackson, owner of the Incredibowl draws people to his business not only to bowl, but also to gaze at his vast collection of sports memorabilia. With all of this money and fame, we often forget how fun, collecting memorabilia can be. The fun of collecting sports memorabilia can take many ways, shapes and forms. It is fun to meet star athletes and get autographs to add to your collection. One can also enjoy trading and collecting with people of similar interests. Not only does this fun come by trading, but also by watching your investment rise. My friend Brad Long was fortunate enough six years ago to invest $500 in a signed Mark McGwire jersey, which now is worth several thousands. I have also been privileged to watch my Joe Montana football go up in value. Sports memorabilia has brought many great hours of pleasure to my life, and others. I have had fun decorating rooms of my house with sports history. My neighbor and friend Jamie Quirk has also inspired me by showing me his rooms of fun with endless memorabilia. In conclusion, by collecting sports memorabilia a person can make money, gain notoriety and have fun. One of the nice things about collecting sports memorabilia is the possibility that a hero can emerge at any time, seeming from